Democracy vs. Martial Law free essay sample

Military Law Regime or Democratic Country Before the Filipinos achieved the vote based system of their nation, they originally encountered the diverse sort of order the vast majority of their pioneers gave, the Martial Law system. Military Law (Batas Militar) alludes to the period of Philippine history wherein Philippine Presidents and Heads of stateâ declared an announcement to control inconvenient zones under the standard of the Military, and it is typically given when compromised by famous showings, or to take action against the restriction. Military law can likewise be pronounced in instances of significant catastrophic events, anyway most nations utilize an alternate legitimate build like highly sensitive situation. A large portion of the pioneers build up the autocracy rather than majority rule government, since they felt that it would be the most ideal approach to enable our nation to defeat the difficulties of their nation. The principal chief, who set up the primary Martial law system was Governor-General Ramon Blanco, next was General Emilio Aguinaldo, at that point Former President Jose P. We will compose a custom paper test on Majority rule government versus Military Law or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Shrub and last was one of the known despots of the Philippines, Former President Ferdinand Marcos. He legitimized that it is a result of the enormous dangers of socialist and Muslim radicals unto the nation. Once as a result, it secured the whole republic on September 21, 1972. It was reported to the open two days after the fact. The GNP of the nation on that system, expanded at $11. 5 billion by 1980. From the announcement of Martial law, the US President gave $2. 5 billion for monetary guide and respective military of the nation. Everybody has a time limitation on that time. Everybody shouldn’t be gotten outside their habitations from 12 o’clock 12 PM to 4 o’clock early morning. Or something bad might happen, the cops will place you in prison, however will discharge you the following day. Relies upon how substantial your error is. Marcos was exceptionally severe in that time. He began expanding the rates and costs in the market. Indeed, even the littlest slip-up can lead you to a discipline. In any case, the wrongdoings decrease in light of the fact that the greater part of the individuals are terrified and frightened about the discipline they will get if at any time they’ll accomplish something incorrectly. Cory Aquino set up the majority rule government in the Philippines. She began the alliance of social and monetary associations. She additionally settled the administration wherein the individuals are the ones who â€Å"rule†. Be that as it may, what has happened just or have changed after Marcos organization is the expanded of opportunity of individuals to do anything they desired to do including the tireless and pointless killings of everybody against their kindred Filipinos, most particularly the media individuals, however the media individuals have acquire opportunity to communicate their thoughts and contemplations, killers and executioners have gain additionally more opportunity to murder media individuals. It is a straightforwardly relative opportunity. In addition, there is likewise an expansion of homicide and slaughter violations in the Philippines wherein still today these type of wrongdoings were not yet completely explained however a few cases were documented. Despite the fact that majority rules system is the basic need during the Ms. Aquino Administration, incidentally, there are likewise various military upset d’ etats and across the country brownouts or loss of power at that point, that is  because everybody have now more opportunity to do anything they desired to do and to say anything they desired to state. In any case, expresses gratitude toward God, the Philippines is still â€Å"check and balance† by the republic type of government that it has still today and not yet thoroughly surrender to absolutely vote based arrangement of government, in case the Philippines will self-obliterate itself. In any case, I don’t state that popular government isn't right, however a lot of it could separate the framework due to no significant understanding of each viewpoint in life in the Philippines; a lot of it could bring disharmony since everybody will be directly on their own ways. What's more, obviously, a lot of control can prompt revolt of the individuals against its pioneer, or more awful, to its nation. To illuminate this situation and to utilize viably the benefits of vote based system in the nation, the new Philippine president should, indeed, make entries like open gatherings to scaffold and voice out the thoughts and needs of each resident in the nation that will talk about and articulate the favorable position and impediment of everyone’s thoughts. We ought to consistently adjust things, neither less nor to an extreme. On that way, we’re ready to make a significant agreement that will acquire harmony and congruity the Philippines.

Case: Maple Leaf Shoes Ltd., Legal Challenges Essay

The Ontario Human Rights Code expresses that lewd behavior happens in circumstances when one individual is irritating the other by saying or doing undesirable or unwanted things of a sexual or sex related nature. This could be portray as far as unseemly contacting, hostile comments about individual, sexual proposals, inadmissible remarks about body parts, introduction to explicitly hostile pictures, obnoxious attack because of the sex, and so on. It is likewise viewed as a type of illicit separation and is a type of sexual and mental maltreatment. As far as the case, this is an away from of inappropriate behavior in light of the fact that Rosetta is one of the two ladies in the division that each morning got called by her male associates as risotto, which means Italian rice with sauce, and prodded with Italian welcome. Also, infrequently they asked her what she was doing with her Italian beau and whether she made some great memories with him the prior night. In addition, one of the associates asked her whether she lean toward Italian over Canadian men and every so often they noisily boasted to one another about their involvement in their lady friends so that Rosetta can hear it, just to humiliate her. Moreover, her male collaborators told a filthy muscle head and inquired as to whether she comprehended or in the event that she could let one know too. Generally, inappropriate behavior is an example of conduct that happens often over some undefined time frame. For this situation, there is an example of various occurrences that happened over the time of Rosetta’s business, which made a harmed impact on the spots where she worked. This kind of sexual remarks caused her to feel awkward, in certain circumstances even cry, which demonstrated that the workplace is harmed. Despite the fact that, Rosetta attempted to make the badgering stop, it isn't her duty alone, Al likewise needs to ensure that inappropriate behavior doesn't happen in his work environments in light of the fact that sexualized condition can make climates that energize increasingly genuine and direct lewd behavior, for example, sexual kidding n this case. On the off chance that later on more ladies would have positions in this division, this can make decline in efficiency, increment in group struggle and moreover, lead to diminish in progress at meeting budgetary objectives in light of group strife. Besides, it can make work disappointment, loss of representatives from renunciations, and increment non-appearance by representatives. Moreover, the information that badgering is allowed can harm moral measures and control in the association by and large. Extra time, workers will lose regard and trust in their administrators who support and additionally overlooked the issue, which can prompt a negative picture of the organization and make legitimate activities against the association. The obliviousness of the issue can make enormous expenses to association through harmed resolve, claims and non-appearance. Individuals who hassle will have no motivations to stop except if they are tested. In this way, it is important to help and urge Rosetta to approach. Eva can offer recommendations how to take care of the issue however just Rosetta must pick what will be the best decision for her. Also, Eva can urge Rosetta to look for help from an advisor and give her accommodating phone numbers; in any case, it’s up to Rosetta to settle on her own choices. Regarding their discussions, Eva should realize that discussions that were among Eva and Rosetta are private and Eva can't simply proceed to tell it to someone. The main time Eva may need to educate somebody concerning Rosetta’s issue without her authorization is if Rosetta is in quick physical peril, which isn't the situation in this circumstance. However, overlooking or limiting the issue won't cause it to leave. To close, it’s up to Rosetta to make whines to fitting position or to seek after a legitimate activities against the organization in this issue. Eva can just ethically bolster and exhort Rosetta yet can't do any legitimate activities for her. The main feel that Eva can attempt to do is to educate a HR office in the association about the circumstance and request the best possible examination about it. The other choice that Eva can consider is to have a discussion with the legal advisor about this entire circumstance; in any case, she ought not say any names. These choices have a decent possibility for progress, as long as every one of them led in agreement of law. Al’s first duty for this situation is to appropriately manage work environment lewd behavior issues include the proper circulation of the organization’s approach on inappropriate behavior in the working environment. In any case, he didn't take it genuine when Rosetta grumbled to him, in this way she had to fire her business. The other obligation that Al ought to have conveyed is to show Rosetta that he, as an administrator of the association have reacted to grumble with the way toward forestalling lewd behavior in the work environment and are managing it in an opportune and compelling way when it occurs. Al likewise felled to convey it fittingly, in addition, he accused Rosetta to be excessively touchy and that she pays attention to herself as well. Furthermore, in view of his way of thinking, for example, to have the option to snicker at ourselves now and the, it shows that he supports this sort of conduct in the work place. Besides, Al needs to adopt strategy to lewd behavior where it includes the improvement of an interior framework for the reasonable and adjusted examination of each grievance of this nature. Each objection ought to be paid attention to. Representatives must know that they are allowed to advance objections about inappropriate behavior in their working environment and that they will be liberated from counter and terrorizing subsequently. They ought to be urged to utilize and depend upon the company’s inside protest instrument and goals framework. In this progression, Al additionally felled to follow the suitable street. His conduct with representatives urges them to joke around, which may demoralize different workers to grumble because of dread of reprisal and terrorizing, if Al enlightens representatives regarding whine. It is completely important that business who has not yet received fitting arrangements and perspectives towards inappropriate behavior in the working environment join the development towards zero resistance for these working environment issues. It is basic for the business not just satisfy their legalâ responsibility when managing issues of lewd behavior, however maybe more critically is to show that they have accomplished something. In like manner, proactive advances are to make lewd behavior approaches and all around pitched grumbling systems set, which would make the right tone for the end of inappropriate behavior in the work environment. As a bi-item, the equivalent obvious methodology will likewise assist with diminishing the employer’s potential introduction to vicarious obligation for the demonstrations of workers. Reference Ontario Women’s Justice Network. 6 Jan. 2002. Metropolitan Action Committee on Violence Against Women and Children. 10 Feb. 2006 The Ontario Human Rights Commission. 11 Feb. 2007. The Ontario Human Rights Commission. 11 Feb. 2007 Ontario Women’s Directorate. 1 May 2003. Legislature of Ontario. 9 Feb. 2006 The Canadian Human Rights Commission. 9 July 2004. Legislature of Canada. 9 Feb. 2006.

Writing In A Second Language Example

Writing In A Second Language Example Writing In A Second Language â€" Coursework Example > ASSIGNMENT 2The Hayes Flower (1980) model of the composition process has been extremely influential in the area of first language writing. Evaluate the main features of this model and say how far it can be applied to second language writers. The Hayes Flower (1980) model has been very influential as a basic theory of recursive cognitive process of composition. As a traditional recursive problem-solving model in which both process and product issues are incorporated, it has been found to be very useful and robust in the area of first language writing. The main features are (1) Planning, (2) Translating, and (3) Reviewing functions. Functions are monitored constantly throughout the writing process. The task environment of the model consists of variables such as writing task and the generated text. The relationship between the variables and long-term memory of writer is reciprocal. The theory is based on four points: “1.The process of writing is best understood as a set of distin ctive thinking processes which writers orchestrate or organize during the act of composing2. These processes have a hierarchical, highly embedded organization in which any given process can be embedded within any other3. The act of composing itself is a goal-directed thinking process, guided by the writer’s own growing network of goals. 4. Writers create their own goals in two key ways: by generating both high-level goals and supporting sub-goals which embody the writer’s developing sense of purpose, and then, at times, by changing major goals or even establishing entirely new ones based what has been learned in the act of writing. ”PlanningThe word `Planning’ is used in a broad sense. It is an abstract state of writer’s mind in which an internal representation of the knowledge is formed and it would be used in writing. The representation could be a key word, an image or a perceptual code. Thus planning is the art of building this internal representation and involves many sub-processes( sub-planning,  generating and revising) which are used repeatedly at different levels  and at different. These processes generate ideas drawn from information in memory. The information may be at different levels of fragmentation, maturity and connectedness. The sub-process of organizing helps the writer to derive sense from information, discover and develop concepts creatively by grouping the ideas. At a technical level, the writer decides about presentation and ordering of the text. Another major aspect of planning is goal-setting which could be procedural and substantive. Goal-setting is a crucial part of being creative. The very act of defining rhetorical problem and setting goals is crucial to creativity. It is not exclusive to pre-writing stage but an ongoing continuous process of composing. Often one idea naturally leads to another but not in a planned sequence. The model’s notion of `planning’ as an abstract internal representation of knowledge is gen erally relevant for first language writers. TranslatingThe process of expressing ideas in language is called translating. During translation, the writer `clothes’ or gives `flesh’ i. e a shape to the ideas generated during the process of planning. He may use language to represent thoughts that were not structurally organized, in a linear fashion and convey the intended meaning. During the translation process, the writer’s language skills and flexibility in using them come into play. Naturally it may vary across age-groups, strategic command over knowledge/subject. Clearly while the process of planning is more natural to any language writers, it is the process of translating that presents a variety of constraints for second language writers. This is mainly because besides the extent of command over the second language, the writer has to negotiate the social construction and environment involved in the cognitive process. Theoretically the second language writers are clearly at a disadvantage compared to first language writers because they do not have the felicity of equal command over complexities that are socially and linguistically specific to situations. Hence to a certain extent, the second language writers face constraints over creativity during translation.

Compare And Contrast Martin Luther King And Malcolm X

Civil Rights Leaders Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X were very huge leading figures during the Civil Rights movement. Though they had many differences, they had some similarities. Both men’s fathers were preachers and both men were religious preachers themselves. Dr. King and Malcolm X were around the same age and they were both assassinated. Coincidentally, both men had the same number of children and eventually they had the same ideologies for the Civil Rights Movement. However, Dr. King and Malcolm X were different in ways such as Malcolm X wanted black supremacy and Dr. King wanted equality, Malcolm X saw violence as an option to achieve his goals if peace did not work and Dr. King believed in complete nonviolence, and Malcolm X†¦show more content†¦This supports Dr. King’s idea of equality and unity and contradicts Malcolm X’s idea of black supremacy, showing how the two men have contrasting ideals. Malcolm X used violence as a way to get more b lack rights and to hopefully lead up to black supremacy. Dr. Martin L King Jr used non violence protesting as a way to symbol that people standing up for their rights are not wrong or barbaric, but the people who are stopping these nonviolent protests look bad because there is no physical harm being done. Malcolm X states, â€Å"This is why I say it’s the ballot or the bullet. It’s liberty or it’s death† (The Ballot or the Bullet). This describes Malcolm X warning that if black people are not allowed suffrage and other rights, then there is going to be violence and death involved to have those rights granted. Malcolm X is showing that he is not afraid to have a violent revolution if there has to be one. Dr. King however states, â€Å"We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must ride to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force† (I Have A Dream). Martin Luther King Jr is t rying to persuade others that a violent protest will only hurt, not help in getting equality and that a peaceful, powerful protest will ensure smoother integration and peace. Dr. King is promoting the opposite of Malcolm X by saying peace is power whereas Malcolm X is trying to bring forth theShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Martin Luther King And Malcolm X1101 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King and Malcolm X were two greatest leaders in the fighting of the Civil Rights Movement. Contrary to most American belief, King and Malcolm X were not perfect opposite to each other. However, they do have distinct method to achieve social and economic equality. Malcolm X and King were both civil rights leader during 60s. They had the same goal, which was to achieve social equality for African Americans and Black people. Malcolm X was born in a extremely poor family, which led MalcolmRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Work of Martin Luther King Jr Malcolm X923 Words   |  4 PagesM artin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were very significant during the Civil Rights Movement. Both were excellent speakers and shared one goal but had two different ways of resolving it. Martin Luther King Jr. chose to resolve the issues by using non-violence to create equality amongst all races to accomplish the goal. Malcolm X also wanted to decrease discrimination and get of segregation but by using another tactic to successfully accomplish the similar goal. The backgrounds of both men wereRead MoreComparing Martin Luther King And Malcolm X917 Words   |  4 PagesBrian Graichen - HST 325 - 06/17/2017 Q3: Compare and contrast Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were both civil rights leaders during the 1960s, but had different ideologies on how civil rights should be won. Both men were also deeply religious, but followed different religions and paths. The Great Depression never ended for African Americans; while others enjoyed an economic recovery, Black unemployment rose. Martin Luther King says that economic inequality in AmericaRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X1491 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence of this period. Two strong leaders from this era were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. made a bigger impact on the population than Malcolm X because of his speeches, beliefs, direct and peaceful activities, and the effect his death had on the population. Martin Luther King Jr.’s belief was that people of all colors, including both blacks and whites, could live in eternal peace and equality. King believed that â€Å"an unjust law is no law at all† (Dinar, par.12)Read More Differences Between Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essays1146 Words   |  5 Pageswhite run American society in which they lived. 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He was an African-American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-AmericanRead MoreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 Pages PAGE 24-28 VII. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM COMPARED TO THE TEN PAGE 29-34 COMMANDMENTS VIII. COMPARING THE LIFE OF TWO AFRO-AMERICANS (1) MALCOM X - ISLAMIC MUSLIM/QURAN PAGE 35-43 8 (2) MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. - CHRISTIAN/BIBLE PAGE 44-48 9 (3) BOTH MENS POLITICAL VIEWS ON VIOLENCE AND PAGE 49-56 CHANGE IN SOCIETY (4) THE STRONG CONNECTION BETWEEN

The communications industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5796 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT The largest market share in the communications industry is, held by Nokia, with Motorola trailing in second place. In general economic conditions in most global industries have hit a point of stagnant or declining sales. In todays world, businesses need to somewhat accurately forecast the future outlook for global economies and then make investments and decisions accordingly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The communications industry" essay for you Create order The communications industry is dependent on vendor financing and has taken a big hit because of it. Vendor financing is an important part of the purchase decision for buyers. Vendor financing helps equipment makers capture large contracts even when capital is scarce while allocating carriers to build out their networks more quickly and cheaply. (www.activemedia-guide.com/telecos_equipment.htm) Due to main reliance on vendors, this industry has substantial risks. The biggest threat to telecommunication hardware vendors may be the growing clout that cable companies have with high speed Internet access using cable modems (www.activemediaguide.com/telecos_equipment.htm). If Nokia and Motorola do not stay ahead of the cable companies in technology, their position in the market will be highly threatened. Communication hardware companies are benefiting from worldwide deregulation in telecommunication services and intense competition among industry players (www.activemedia-guide.com/telecos_equipment.htm). By deregulating the industry, companies will have more freedom in their decision-making processes. In addition, there is intense pressure on demand for changing technologies. Communications hardware companies need to ensure that their products are compatible with the newest features. Many are trying their best to differentiate their product from their competitors. Examples include features such as voice mail, two way text messaging, e-mail capability, and Internet access. The competitive advantages in this industry include making versions of the features superior to that of the competition. With that in mind, the industry will experience a transition from copper wire to fiber optic transmission. Due to the high costs of installing fiber optic cables it will take years for the global markets to become saturated. This change in the industry includes benefits such as voice, data, video, and text over the same lineand fiber optic cable does not suffer from signal distortion and degeneration which copper wire suffers from (www.activemedia-guide.com/telecos_equipment.htm). The communications industry does not show a strong sense of ethical values. Most companies use a generic template. Communication corporations do not make any of their own additions to the documents, nor do they elaborate on the topics, as Motorola has always done. Motorola has a training program that gives their employees what if scenarios. These scenarios are a way that Motorola tries to make their employees aware of situations and guides them through the ethical way of handling each. Devoting all the time and money that Motorola does to their ethical training proves that their focus is on conducting business in an ethical way, but by putting so much focus on ethics they are have not been able to catch up to the rest of the industry. OPERATING ENVIRONMENT Motorola is a main supplier of wireless infrastructure products the support equipment that make pagers, two-way radio systems, and cellular phones operate. The main source of revenue is typically from major telephone companies that place large orders to update or expand their network infrastructure. These customers seek cutting edge technologies that require significant investment in RD. Economies of scale provide the bigger equipment manufacturers with a competitive edge in pricing when filling such large orders. Motorola also receives a significant amount of business from individual or personal subscribers. Motorolas main competitors in the wireless infrastructure sector are Nokia and Ericcson, along with Lucent and Nortel. The competitive environment for communications equipment require that vendors offer attractive financing terms to their customers as an important part of their sales packages. Motorola leads the cable modem market with a 41% share, followed by Toshiba Corp. at 18%, and Thomson Multimedia at 13%. With intense pricing competition, pricing pressure was as strong as ever in 2001 in such markets as wireless handsets. New competitors in the field, such as Samsung and Siemans, have helped to speed up the pace of innovation by pressuring established companies such as Motorola to protect their market share. Rapid technology gains and product innovations by Motorolas rivals in wireless communications, combined with a downturn in demand for semiconductors and pagers, and an economic slowdown in parts of Asia hurt the revenue and profitability of Motorola. Lack of a competitive digital product also hurt Motorola in the Asian market. For example their digital phones didnt work on GSM (global standard for mobile communications). Motorola lost a number of contracts and customers due to poor switching capabilities of its digital equipment. Motorola made poor management decisions and focused on the wrong products. To improve market share and revenue earnings, Motorola was organized into three major enterprises to reduce interdivisional competition, encourage sharing of ideas, reduce development costs, and coordinate actions between Motorolas business units. A major problem Motorola had was a decentralized approach to running its different businesses and divisions. Motorola has approximately 90,000 employees that speak more than 50 different home languages and belong to as many or more cultures. These employees must be educated on other cultures beliefs, customs, and ways of life. Unfortunately, Motorola, along with many other companies in their industry, are forced to make workforce reductions. Motorola cut 32,000 employees in 2001, equaling 22% of their entire workforce. Most of the major communications infrastructure manufacturers maintain significant operations overseas. Motorola, along with other companies, are subject to foreign economy and currency risk. Firms based in the United States, overseas sales are translated from local currencies into dollars: a strong dollar hurts reported earnings and a weaker dollar helps. Motorola must also keep a careful watch on other company specific risks such as effects of protectionism, fluctuations in economic growth, and political instability when investing in foreign countries. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is another concrete law that must be followed by Motorola to its fullest extent and knowledge because whats considered unacceptable business practices in the United States is considered acceptable elsewhere. Crisis in MotorolaEven though Motorola have the number one Headset on the market there are still a few issues that they are experiencing. Motorola Blue tooth headset has caused a few problems for giant cellular phone makers. In deed Bluetooth Headsets are nice for an individual to have, just because it is hand free. But over the years there have been some issues with other phones that Motorola has and not being able to have access the Bluetooth. Not all cellular phones a Bluetooth ready. That became a crisis and issue to customers who could not afford the Bluetooth ready phones. At this point Motorola is experiencing an identity crisis with the model phone v1150. Now they have turned it into the Razor v3x. The Razor v3x is just the v1150 with two way radio, two cameras, and a front facing VGA for video caller ID. It still has the same style the slim line high class shell phone. Customers are having a problem with buying the same only to get different features. TasksFuture options for Motorola is currently being put in place through the companies research and development areas. The time period in which will be needed to fully market, produce and bring the customer base both businesses and customers on board with any new development and product introduced is currently on a two year track to match the current updating to electronics devices and to keep steam-lining networks already in place that will need to be updated. The companys reorganization has continued after the highly publicized spin off of its semiconductor unit. Its remaining operations have been focused in four business segments: connected home solutions; government and enterprise mobility solutions; mobile devices; and networks. Lastly, Motorola will need to start a campaign to regain lost respect and start trying to publicly repair its reputation of aggressive market seizing that it has been doing for the last five years. This effort of merging, buying out and using its resourc es to acquire companies with new technologies in the areas Motorola currently domatinates has harmed and even brought in question the Motorola Corp mission statement and ethical standing in business world both domestic and Foreign. Ergonomic and functional the mobile phone is of a convenient size and is easy to use, allowing for consumers to easily operate the phone seeing as most will be first time users. This will help reduce inertia to operating the phone and being able to easily see the benefits of owning one. -For the consumers to easily see the benefits that it can offer them, the prospect of it being a sustainable product to market to the bottom of pyramid consumers seems relatively high. The cultural barrier may seem only minor as mobile products are already selling to those of the same cultural background but in more affluent demographics. For areas that do not have any reception, Motorola can install its own reception towers based on the numbers that it will benefit and the percentage of users they prospect in purchasing the product. This will determine if it will be beneficial in terms of being cost-effective and profitable in the future. The cost can be shared between service providers and Motorola where beneficial to both parties as they can satisfy their existing customers with greater reception range as well as gain prospective customers. This expansion into the bottom of the pyramid market base can receive negative media attention, which can drastically effect the market share and profitability of Motorola in the future. This, for example, was seen in 1998 after human rights groups publicized Nikes use of child labour in manufacturing plants in China and Cambodia, creating a loss of market share (Golden J. 1999). To combat this, Motorola should sponsor a humanitarian project based on improving the quality of life for people in these regional areas from donating part of their profits gained from expanding their operations to this market segment. This will not only prevent any bad press being placed upon Motorola but will boost its image of being a socially ethical company. In terms of the costs involved for having mobile phone service, Motorola could distribute the phone with low priced prepaid simcards, as those who live in rural areas and out of urban environments may not have postal addresses, bank accounts or a suitable credit history that can satisfy requirements to meeting post-paid service contracts. This will also allow users to pay as they go, therefore restricting usage to the amounts they can afford and abolishing any need for contracts. Having a prepaid simcard will also remove the inertia and cultural barrier associated with marketing post-paid contracts. The future of emerging markets may find a trend of people within the bottom of the pyramid shifting towards the middle class. Motorola will have to monitor and continue marketing to middle class consumers, maitaining market share through return salesConclusion and recommendations: The most effective course of action within 1 year of product release that Motorola should take in marketing low-cost mobile phone products the bottom of the pyramid consumer demographic should be as follows:-Delivering the low-cost mobile phone product that carries the features mentioned above in densely populated areas where majority of sales will most likely be made-Providing prepaid simcards with the product to allow users to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pay as they go, thus removing the barriers of entry mentioned above with marketing post-paid contracts to this group. V. External/Competitive Impact The basic concepts and architecture of the cell phone has reached the Paradigmatic Stage. However, with the number of additional features being added to the cell phone and the underlying technology required to implement those features, the industry as a whole is in the Preparadigmatic Stage. As more and more people use cell phones on a regular basis, companies are looking to add new features to the cell phone to both encourage customers of their competitors to become their customers and to encourage those holdouts who are not yet using a cell phone to give it a try. Motorola and its semiconductor are right on the forefront of these changes and innovations, but their competitors are not exactly standing still, and of course there are other factors to consider One such other factor is the economy as a whole. Ever since 9/11 a great debate has been going on as to the state of the economy. Jobs have been lost, companies have downsized, and some would say that hard times are on the are on the horizon for cell phone manufacturers. USA Today reported that Wall Street frets that, to boost sales, cell phone makers might be cutting prices too much (Backover). Motorola, it appears, does not agree with this assessment. Calling a telecom rebound imminent, Motorola Computer Group will unveil a hardware and software platform for next-generation telecommunications equipment. This was reported by the EE Times on March, 29th. However, some skeptics argue that equipment makers remain too cash-poor to afford the technology (Murray) Motorola needs to pursue some of these new innovations to remain successful since the company saw its 4th quarter market share slip in 2003. This is particularly troubling considering that Nokia, despite a loss of market share of its own, has now passed Motorola and become the new leader in the North American cell phone handset industry. This was reported on compoundsemiconductor.net who said the reason for this is [t]he market share appears to have swung towards the Asian manufacturers Samsung (10.5%) and LG (5%), as sales of phones in this region, particularly China, have shown strong growth (COMPOUNDSEMICONDUCTOR.NET ). Samsung was even named the best CDMA cellular phone sold in the US by the February issue of Consumer Reports (www.samsung.com/PressCenter/FeatureArticles/FeatureArticles.asp). Motorolas rivals are busy with innovations of their own. Samsung is joining with IBM and several other companies to work on the semiconductor logic process (www.samsung.com/PressCenter/PressR elease/PressRelease.asp). Samsung has also completed development of the worlds first satellite digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) chip for mobile phones. (SAMSUNG ) Nokia, on the other hand, is pushing forward with 3G technology and has partnered with TRW to develop base stations for this promising technology. (press.nokia.com/PR/200005/781616_5.html ). 3G is really just a collection of standards and technologies which will be used in the near future to enhance performance. (www.3g-cell-phones.com/) It has been touted as the future of cell phones but it has yet to be accepted. Perhaps that is about to change with the push that Nokia is making. One path that the industry, as a whole, is taking is integrating a more common implementation of Java on cell phones. As cell phones are becoming more and more PDA like, the ability to run Java applications is becoming more and more important. Currently, however, there is a large difference between the different manufacturers implementations. This makes it hard for application developers who try to write the Java applications for the phones. Now, thanks to the Jazelle instruction-set extensions by ARM Ltd., manufacturers can now add hardware acceleration for the Java applications. This not only allows for greater standardization, but also allows the Java apps to run much more efficiently. Along with the hardware acceleration the Mobile Information Device Profile 2.0 (MIDP) has been released which will also encourage greater standardization. Motorola has unveiled three phones that utilize the new MIDP profile that they plan to ship by the end of the year, 2004. In addition Siemens Mob ile Phones has plans in the works to release similar products as well as Nokia. Nokia has released a beta testing version of its Development Suite for lava, to encourage programmers to write applications for their phones. Neither Motorola, Siemens, and Nokia have produced phones with the hardware acceleration, but all three say the plan to in the near future (Merritt). There is one area in which some cell phone designers are making significant innovations that Motorola has yet to enter is EDGE networks. EDGE, or Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution networks offer faster data rates than current Global System for Mobile Communications/General Packet Radio Service networks, but fall short of the data rates promised by the oft-delayed 3G networks (Krazit). Edge networks are starting to be built in the United States, but it will likely be a couple of years before they start to gain major acceptance (Evers). Chip makers Intel and Texas Instruments are currently leading the way in the development of this technology. Both companies have released chip sets that will allow cell phones to take advantage of the EDGE networks. Nokia however has unveiled plans for phones that will run on EDGE networks (Blau). Motorola has been quiet about these developments but that may be because it is waiting for the spin off of its semiconductor division to be complete (Kraz it). VI. Innovative Capacity and Capability Research and Development Motorola has always taken pride in being a leader in innovation in the Semiconductor industry. They continue to do so in their many labs in Austin, TX, Temple, AZ, Europe and China. The labs are forerunners in a various range of technology that are critical in order to achieve a true system-integration and the system-on-chip solution. This team works toward technology that is 3-15 years in the future. The research and development ends at Motorolas final manufacturing technology centers located in various places around the world. These facilities are designed in order to effectively implement the new technologies in all manufacturing areas. These manufacturing areas are responsible for the electronic packaging processes, materials, layouts, designs, and final tests of the product. The following are examples that will show where Motorola is heading in the future and why they will continue to be an industry leader within their field. Until recently there has not been any major technical advancement in the mobile phone over the last 3 years. Due to poor technical specifications and inflated expectations (due to the promotional strategies undertaken), WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) enabled handsets and other internet based communications devices were commercial failures which was reflected in the poor unit sales figures for the period. With the prospect of the 3rd generation of mobile phones coming onto the market between 2003 2006, the industry has started to become more lucrative. Worldwide mobile phone sales in the 3rd quarter of 2002 totalled 104.3 million units (a 7.8% increase from the same time 1 yr prior. Information source: Dataquest Inc) Nokia expects the market to grow to between 440 million- 460 million units in 2003 overall. However business analysts generally think to be around 435 million in the 2003 financial year. Nokia believe that Europe is the major market where consumers are looking to upgrade their handset in 2003. Mobile phone subscribers will be looking to replace their old phones with the new breed of mobiles available at the moment with digital camera/ colour screen capabilities. Confirmation of this trend in the industry is by the sheer volume of people signing up for the new MMS (Multimedia Messaging Services), 20,000 for T-Mobile in Germany alone, and 30,000 in the UK for Vodafone, all in a 6 month period. The popularity of the SMS (Short Message Service) has been the main contributor to this new breed of messaging. When 3G is introduced it will have all the capability that these new phones have and more. However, by the time 3G is incorporated into the market place, MMS will be widely accepted and the cost of the service will have decreased. Producers of mobile communications such as Nokia Sony Ericcson, along with the network providers T-Mobile, Orange, Vodafone O2 are expecting that the introduction of the new MMS services will enable them to achieve the growth objectives provide a new untapped resource of revenue from increased unit sales. Although this new MMS service will most definitely cause an upturn in a currently flagging market, it should not be relied on too heavily as a main source of revenue or selling point. Sending of MMS messages is still very expensive in comparison to SMS texting. Also, the handsets which have the capability to do so are still particularly expensive may be out of reach (financially) to those who send most messages (88% of all messages are sent buy under 22 year olds and most of them in the teen market). The current market trend of SMS messaging should not be neglected as it currently accounts for 12% of the total revenue generated for network providers. PEST Analysis Political and Legal Factors Political factors have increased in toughness for mobile phone operators as phones become more advanced. In particular the way in which billing information is handled in the future will be affected by new anti-terrorist legislation imposed by the government. The 3G mobile phones are expected to obtain data pinpointing the whereabouts of the mobile phone user to within a couple of meters. It is proposed this information is retained in the future for longer periods than mobile operators have done so in the past in order to attempt to locate criminal movement. The government have invested in independent research into health affects of mobile phones. The outcomes have been inconclusive, however scientists have stated the use of mobile phones does affect brain activity. This is not proof of damage, however the government are keen to have an answer and this could affect the use of future mobile phones. The intervention of government noticing the escalating crimes focused on or around mobile phones has an impact on their development. The phones have to be less appealing to thieves by some form of internal security as phone thieves begin to target children equipped with a mobile phone by parents or guardians for safety reasons. Copyright and Patents of new developed technology has to be conformed by for ourselves and others. Economic Factors The current economy in the UK is very strong, boasting high employment and a high average age. In such situations the public have increased disposable income enabling a trend to spend money on luxury items. Should the economy begin to slow down and many of the population fearing recession, sales of 3G mobile phones would suffer. Businesses and individuals unsure of their financial standing would begin to spend less on items not deemed necesscary. The way of avoiding such dramatic affects of economic change is to perceive the goods as must have products. Marketable to businesses as a return on investment due to increased efficiency could be argued. This is less likely to be adopted by individual users. Social Factors There is increasing concern with the number of masts being erected which form the networks supporting the mobile phones. As the number of mobile phone users increase, and we move into 3G technology where a higher number of masts are required to support the technology; the public are becoming concerned of the impact masts are having upon their immediate environment. Although masts have reduced in height, this reduction has been accompanied with need for them to be closer to the user. It is necessary to be sympathetic to these concerns and where possible disguising the masts will show an increased attention to the public. Public users have a desire to request information and receive this immediately, this has become a priority in todays fast moving society. This means people have less patience to wait for the information desired and this is reflected in the culture of mobile phone use. 3G has the capability to transfer desired information that is up to date, directly to the handset being used Technological Factors The increasing capability of electronics in continually smaller packages enables additional technology to be included with limited affect on the size of the product. This has had a great impact on the capability of mobile phones. With ability to gain remote access to the internet it is possible to bring the internet information direct to a mobile phone user. Development of 3G technology is expensive and time consuming Forces Driving Industry Competition POTENTIAL ENTRANTS Threat of new Entrants A new company beginning to supply third generation mobile phones would have serious market considerations. A high level of capital would be required for investment in the mobile phone product. The technology development would need to be supported as well as marketing expenditure to make consumers aware. A new entrant at this stage would be an extreme distance behind in development, and therefore product launch would be delayed. A new brand would not carry the same reputations and confidence other companies have established whilst developing products over the past 10 years. This is felt an important commodity in todays highly technical mobile communications market. SUPPLIERS Industry relies heavily on the development and performance of electronic components for a variety of technological products. Many manufacturers have the expertise and experience to produce the components for the mobile phones. The bargaining power of suppliers is not strong however it is common that the company will have preferred manufacturers through previous projects and reputation. The industry is an important and rewarding industry for the component manufacturers due to the popularity of the final product (mobile phones). As a large number of phones will be produced this enables high value contracts for the supply of reliable components. Further to component suppliers are the tariff operators the phone will eventually operate in conjunction with. At present there are five major tariff operators expected to support the 3G mobile phone. Although it is necessary to continue good relationships these companies do not have strong bargaining power. Their future 3G business somewhat relies on supporting mobile phones the public desire, as Nokia 3G will be the first launched tariff operators are not expected to be in a strong bargaining position. SUBSTITUTES Landline The use of a landline is cheaper and in some cases clearer and BT have a begun to provide more public telephones specialising in cheap rate local calls to other landlines. Maybe a change in calling trends could be created however no additional threat to the trend of owning a mobile phone is expected from this development. Email With access to a mailing service Email is efficient and in common use. However this does not have the same convenience as a mobile phone. In addition the 3G mobile phone will enable mobile internet connection whereas an installed terminal has to be used at present Overall the trend for owning a mobile phone is not going to be affected by the outlined substitutes. It is possible the usage of these phones could be affected however this will not prevent purchases of the product. BUYERS The buyer population is strong and mobile phones are a desired commodity. As the attitude has moved towards owning mobile phones a high proportion of the UK population now own a mobile phone, it is understood 70% of adult population own or use a mobile phone. Therefore there are few new people to come into the market place. With these factors the buyers have a lot of choice when purchasing a mobile phone that most suits their needs and taste. Any new mobile phone has severe competition from the market place. INDUSTRY COMPETITORS Nokias competitors are companies which are relatively equivalent in size, experience, financial backing and mostly with good reputations. These companies siemens, ¡K ¡K ¡K ¡K. are also expected to be launching 3G mobile phones towards the end of 2003 and during 2004 creating intense rivalry in the market place. As the mobile phone market is close to reaching saturation point industry growth has slowed considerably. The 3G mobile phone is a specialist and top of the range device; however this is still an addition to the mobile phone market. All of these points build a strong rivalry within the market place. Objectives and Issues Nokias business objective is to strengthen the position of leading systems and products provider. The strategic intent, as the trusted brand, is to create personalized communication technology that enables people to shape their own mobile world. Technological innovation allows people to access Internet applications, devices and services instantly, irrespective of time and place. Achieving interoperability of network environments, terminals and mobile services is a key part of Nokias objective. Nokia must capitalize on the leadership role by continuing to target and enter segments of the communications market that will experience rapid growth or grow faster than the industry as a whole. By expanding into these segments during the initial stages of the development process, Nokia has been established as one of the worlds leading players in wireless communications and significantly influenced the way in which voice and other services have been transferred to a wireless, mobile environment. As demand for wireless access to an increasing range of services accelerates, plans to lead the development and commercialisation of the higher capacity networks and systems are required to make wireless content more accessible and rewarding to the end user. In the process, Nokia plan to offer their customers unprecedented choice, speed and value. Nokia has a history of contributing to the development of new technologies, products and systems for mobile communications. To achieve Nokias business objective, strategy focuses on being the preferred provider of solutions for mobile communications; creating personalized communication technology; driving open mobile architecture enabling a non-fragmented global mobile services market; strengthening and leveraging Nokia, the trusted brand; and expanding the business and market position on a global basis. Nokias aim is to gain the position of preferred provider of products and solutions for mobile communications by providing leading communications networks that enable end-to-end service delivery for both cellular and broadband networks. This includes the development of leading high-capacity cellular networks, platforms and user applications for the mobile Internet, end-to-end broadband access solutions and Professional Mobile Radio systems. Nokia must build on the core competencies in various key areas, including design and product innovations, brand development, and effective demand/supply network management, to bring new product concepts and associated services to market. And to strengthen the leadership position by using the understanding of user needs and the ability to meet and exceed user expectations to provide user-friendly, highly functional personalized products and solutions. Nokia continue to employ open standards in technology in order to promote open competition and interoperability. The key commitment is to create a global and open mobile software and services market, and aim to do this by achieving strong partnering with customers, suppliers and industry participants, and solid focus on end-to-end solutions in all the development activities. By driving open mobile architecture, the aim is to ensure the introduction of new, interoperable mobile Internet access and visual content downloading services worldwide, utilizing the GSM/GPRS evolution and coming 3G mobile communications networks adopting WCDMA technology. This is expected to boost innovation from independent software producers as well as provide consumers with a wide and varied selection of competitive, yet interoperable products and services. Strengthening the Brand According to a variety of consumer surveys, the Nokia brand is associated with well-designed, high quality and technologically advanced products and customer services that are also user-friendly. Considerable investments in establishing the Nokia name as the leading brand in mobile communication intends to sustain and enhance the Nokia brand through aggressive advertising, sponsorship and other marketing activities in all of the principal markets. Nokia believe that the leading market position provides significant opportunities to better understand and respond to the usage patterns of end users, and thus enhance the Nokia brand. Expanding Our Business For more than a decade, Nokia have actively expanded the business globally, and as a result, the network systems, equipment and wireless terminals produced are sold throughout the world. Benefits from strong economies of scale throughout the organization are apparent. The Nokia strategy is to continue the focused pursuit of global business opportunities by cultivating a strong local presence in all growing markets and pursuing partnering and acquisition opportunities in order to obtain complementary technologies and market positions. One of Nokias top priorities is to continue to strengthen their leading market position in a profitable way, believing that further market share gains are key to expanding their customer base and growing their future business potential. The leading position also enhances the positive effects of economies of scale, which should strengthen the competitive position in the next generation of mobile communications. Promotion The promotion mix elements are: This area of the marketing mix is the most dependent on an accurate vision of who the target market/markets are. An awful lot of Nokias resources could be unduly wasted promoting to the wrong market. Also a good promotional mix required in order to meet Nokias marketing objectives. These would be to inform sell to as many people, the new range of phones by Nokia. Advertising As the price of the product will initially be comparatively high, this has to be reflected in the advertising campaign. This firstly involves choosing the right media. e.g. Broadsheet newspapers, mens magazines (i.e. FHM, Loaded, Mens Health) television and billboard advertisements. These will be aimed at the high earning business person who will most probably use the product for work just as much as personal use. The fact that these phones claim to introduce quick, real time video conferencing is a selling point which must be stressed. The initial adverts will be far more informative than persuasive. The vast majority of people will not be aware of the capability of these new products. Once the informative period is over, the prices drop and the market becomes less narrow, the advertising shall be far more persuasive aggressive. The advertising will change throughout the different periods of the product life cycle. Personal Selling The only form of personal selling that Nokia themselves will have to do is persuading the Wholesaler/Retailer to take on a large amount of there new products. However, Nokia are going to have to educate staff from the retail outlets on the features of these new products. These are the personnel who have most direct contact with the end user/ consumer. Ultimately, these are the people selling your product along with their own objectives. Offering special training schemes and fringe benefits to these personnel will be worth doing as these are the people that Nokia want on there side working as efficiently as possible. Direct Marketing Direct Marketing undertaken by Nokia at the beginning of the 3G products life cycle is not really appropriate for this kind of product. It would ultimately send out the wrong message to the consumer. However, when the market becomes saturated and market forces push the price of these products is pushed out of the prestige range and the product is possibly being given away with contracts, then direct marketing could be very effective. Such techniques as direct mail, internet spam and cold calling may be appropriate.

FLVS World History Free Essays

In what ways is the Holy Land an important site for all three monotheistic faiths? For the Christians it is the city were Jesus was crucified and where he had risen from the dead. For the Muslims it is a place where their leader Mohammad ascended to meet God. Now for the Jewish people King David had named it and it was where Solomon had built the temple, also the Wailing Wall is in this city. We will write a custom essay sample on FLVS World History or any similar topic only for you Order Now The three major monotheistic religions are sometimes described as branches of the same family tree. If this is true, how would you describe the trunk of the tree? I would describe the trunk of the tree as being Judaism. A very strong standing place where the three monotheistic religions started. Like it says in the text â€Å"All three major monotheistic religions claim they began with Abraham. Judaism and Christianity claim that their founders descended from Abraham’s son Isaac. Islam claims descent through his other son, Ishmael. † Which Abraham came from Israel, he’s the first generation and helped start the three major religions. How are the three major holy books of the monotheistic faiths both similar and different? Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/ap-world-history-units-1-3-study-guide/embed/#?secret=i16daxFkKl" data-secret="i16daxFkKl" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Judaism believes that Jesus is not the prophet and has not arrived yet. While Christianity and Islam believe that Jesus has already arrived and is the prophet. Christianity also believes in the Holy Triune, which is when God is the father son and Holy spirit. The three faiths are mainly similar because they believe that God put us on this earth with the basic needs. How are the basic beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike? They are alike because they believe that God put us on this earth with the basic needs. Judaism and Islam think that all humans were born pure and innocent. Christianity on the other hand thinks that we’re all born with a natural sin. What types of internal differences and divisions exist within each religion? the easiest way to break up Christianity is into these five categories: Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, Eastern, and Mormon. Each of these groups believes the other groups are failing in their attempt to reach proper salvation through the Christ and as such have their own methods of attaining this goal. How to cite FLVS World History, Papers

Smart Medical System-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Smart Medical System. Answer: Introduction ACT Medical Center (AMC) and Canberra Software Development (CSD) are developing Smart Medical System or SMS in short. Project staff will include designer, analyst, tester and programmer from both the centers. Two technical staff members from each centre are assigned initially. Two developers from both the teams are assigned to develop programs using the Object Oriented Programming or OOP. In addition, a part time nurse will assign from the medical centre. The new Smart Medical System will contain many specifications that will help the centers to maintain and manage everything smoothly. The objective of this report is to understand the scope of the project and the selection of the Software Development Life Cycle methodologies and the four types of techniques, tools and models to support the activities and tasks of SMS development. The analysis report outlines a brief introduction about the scope of the project. It also includes the tools and techniques to support the SMS development activities. The impact of the selection of any methodology directly affects any project. The analysis report contains the SDLC methodology that is to be used for SMS development (Wells, 2012). It also outlines the advertisement of a junior analyst that is needed for this project. Suitable recommendations are provided in the report with a brief conclusion. The description of the discussion is given in the following paragraphs. Discussion on Project Schedule Theproject scheduleis the technique, which communicates what task is necessary to be executed, which resources of the company will execute the task and the time limit in which that particular task needs to be executed. Theproject schedulerepresents the entire task that are associated with submitting and delivering theprojectwithin time limit. Project schedule is extremely reasonable and important for this particular project as time limit will help the project to complete it within time or even before time. A given slot of time will also reduce and stop the use of excess resources for the project (Tuteja Dubey, 2012). Since the SMS project is related to patients, there is always an urgency to complete this project. SMS project will allow the doctors, nurses, receptionist and the management staff at the AMC to view patient history and schedule appointments using any laptop or computer inside or outside the centers. It will even upgrade the centre webpage, which will allow the patients to book appointments with the doctors via online. The third salient feature of this project is to develop a mobile application using the android studio that will allow the patients to pay bills and book appointments through that particular application. Therefore, this project is tremendously important for both the centers and thus project schedule is reasonable in this case. SDLC Methodologies The systems development life cycle or SDLC, which is also referred to as the application development life cycle, is an expression utilized in software engineering, information systems, and systems engineering to outline a process for testing, creating, planning, and installing an information system (Unuakhalu, 2014). There are generally six different types of Systems Development Life Cycle methodologies. They are as follows: Waterfall Model: This is the simplest and the oldest SDLC methodology (Model, 2015). In this model, at first a phase is finished, and then another phase is started. V-Shaped Model: This model is known as V-shaped model because the execution of the processes in this model happens in a sequential V-shape manner. Iterative Model: The iterative model focuses on the simple implementation that gains more complexity and a larger set of aspects until the system is completed. Spiral Model: This model is a risk driven process model generator for different software projects (Rastogi, 2015). This model helps the project to identify its risks and challenges. Big Bang Model: This particular model of SDLC does not have any specific process. The benefit of this model is that due to no specific process, the implementation of this model is extremely easy for any project. Agile Model: This SDLC model is the amalgamation of incremental and the iterative process models with the focus on customer satisfaction and adaptability of processes (Matharu et al., 2015). Suitable SDLC methodology for SMS Smart Medical System or SMS needs a suitable SDLC methodology to complete the project (Mishra Dubey, 2013). Software Development Life Cycle can be broadly classified into three categories. They are as follows: Predictive methodology b) Adaptive methodology c) Mixed methodology In this particular case study of SMS project, predictive methodology would be suitable to make the project complete soon. A predictive methodology is such a methodology that can predict the result of the project. It should contain three characteristics. The first feature is to support the design of the software proposed, so that it can meet the needs of the project (Sabale Dani, 2012). The second aspect is to support the construction of the software to reach the specific design of the project. The third and the last characteristic of predictive methodology is to support the deployment of the software to the production of the software. The example of predictive methodology is the Waterfall model. This particular model is the oldest and the simplest model that can be implemented in a sequential manner (Bassil, 2012). There are eight different phases of this model. They are as follows: Conception ii) Initiation Analysis iv) Design v) Construction vi) Testing Implementation Maintenance. The main advantage of this model is that the second step starts only when the first step executes. SMS project is a big project that has many steps. Waterfall model will be beneficial for this project as after completion of one-step, the other step will start (Balaji Murugaiyan, 2012). This will maintain a sequential manner in the steps of the project and will make the project free from errors. SDLC activities for SMS Waterfall model will be the best choice for Smart Medical System project as it has different steps that will make the project easier to implement (Alshamrani Bahattab, 2015). The detailed activities of this particular model in the SMS project are as follows: i) Conception: This is the first step of this model. In this step, the specific analyst proposes the conception of the project. He/she will bring the concept of this particular project and his/her proposition is selected amongst all other possible conceptions. ii) Initiation: After the first step is completed, that is the concept of the SMS project is selected, the project work starts. In the initiation step, the planning of the SMS project starts. Success of a project depends on its planning (Clarke OConnor, 2012). Therefore, this step is extremely beneficial for any project. Analysis: The analysis of a project is done in this phase. The tools, techniques and the methods of SMS project is done in the analysis step. Design: The design of the project is created in this phase. AMC and CSD will assign four technical officers to check the technical field of SMS project. Moreover, two developers will be assigned to develop the programs using Object Oriented Programming. The design is the USP of this project. The design should be in such a way that it meets all the requirements and the necessities of the project (Gupta, 2014). The requirements includes the medical and the management staff to access and view patient history with any computers, upgrade the centre webpage to allow the patients to book appointments of doctors online and also develop an application in mobile using android studio that will allow the patients to pay bills and book doctors appointment. The design of these massive requirements of the project is done in this particular step. As AMC and CSD have anticipated a five months development schedule for an initial version of the server software and android based client side software (Ku mar, Zadgaonkar Shukla, 2013). Amongst these five months, three months period is for design, so designing takes a much longer time. Construction: The construction of the SMS project is done in this particular step. This step is time consuming as the total construction of the project is done in this step. If there is any kind of errors in this step, the project will become a huge failure. However, if the construction of the project is good, the SMS project will be a huge success and beneficial to both AMC and CSD. Testing: The construction of a project will become successful if it passes the various testing techniques. Amongst the five months time taken by AMC and CSD, two months are for testing. There are various types of testing, which includes black box testing, white box testing (Larman, 2012). All these types of testing are done in this two months period. When the project will pass all the tests, it will be considered as a successful construction. Implementation: In this particular step, the final implementation of the project is done. If the project construction, testing and the coding of SMS project is perfect, the implementation of the project becomes successful. Similarly, if the construction, coding and testing of the project is imperfect and errors are there, the implementation of the project will become unsuccessful. The project leader and the staffs of both the centers have to be sure about the implementation step that whether the SMS project is actually ready or not. If the project is not ready, it is baseless to implement it. Maintenance: This is the last and the eight step of Waterfall model and the most important step in this whole model. A project and a system will never last forever if it is not maintained perfectly (Bassil, 2012). The maintenance of any system is extremely important. Similar case is with SMS project. Maintenance of this project should be done on an annual basis to tenure the longevity of the system. Four Models to Support SMS SMS project can be implemented using various SDLC models. In the above paragraphs, the utilization and the advantage of Waterfall model are clearly mentioned. However, this particular project can be implemented with three other models (Balaji Muruguiyan, 2012. The models that can be used to develop the SMS project are as follows: Waterfall Model b) Agile Model c) Spiral Model d) Big Bang Model. The above mentioned models will also help to develop the SMS project and will help the SMS project to be as successful it will be with Waterfall model. Advertisement of Junior Systems Analyst WALK-IN INTERVIEWS SMART MEDICAL SYSTEM We are recruiting for our new joint project of AMC and CSD Post: JUNIOR SYSTEMS ANALYST Skills required: Programming skills, good communication skills, management skills Experience: Minimum 3 years field experience Educational Requirements: B.E in IT, M.S Interested candidates please bring along the updated resume, qualification documents, 3 passport size photos and salary proof of previous jobs. Interviews on 5 September 2017 between 10.00am to 3pm at below mentioned venue: ACT Medical Centre A/214, George Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia - 2000 Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that Smart Medical System or SMS project will be a successful project and it will be beneficial for both ACT Medical Centre and Canberra Software Development. The project however will be more successful and longer lasting with a few recommendations. Since this is a big project, there should be at least two junior analysts, each from one of the centers; else, it will be creating a massive pressure on any one of them. Although Waterfall model is sequential model and it follows sequences, there is a drawback of this model. It is tremendously time consuming as only after finishing one step, the other step can start. This even increases the cost of the total project. In this case Big Bang model will be helpful. The maintenance of this project is mandatory, if not monthly, then annually. This will increase the longevity of the project and the project will improve day by day. The above-mentioned recommendations will help the project t o attain more success and thus will be helpful to the doctors, nurses and all the medical staff of ACT and CSD References Alshamrani, A., Bahattab, A. (2015). A comparison between three SDLC models waterfall model, spiral model, and Incremental/Iterative model.International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI),12(1), 106. Balaji, S., Murugaiyan, M. S. (2012). Waterfall vs. V-Model vs. Agile: A comparative study on SDLC.International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management,2(1), 26-30. Bassil, Y. (2012). A simulation model for the waterfall software development life cycle.arXiv preprint arXiv:1205.6904. Clarke, P., OConnor, R. V. (2012). The situational factors that affect the software development process: Towards a comprehensive reference framework.Information and Software Technology,54(5), 433-447. Gupta, A. (2014). Quality Assurance and Its Standards: Importance in Various SDLC Models.International Journal of Advanced research in Computer Science and Management studies,2(12). Kumar, N., Zadgaonkar, A. S., Shukla, A. (2013). Evolving a new software development life cycle model SDLC-2013 with client satisfaction.International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE),3(1), 2231-2307. Larman, C. (2012).Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design and Interative Development. Pearson Education India. Matharu, G. S., Mishra, A., Singh, H., Upadhyay, P. (2015). Empirical study of agile software development methodologies: A comparative analysis.ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes,40(1), 1-6. Mishra, A., Dubey, D. (2013). A comparative study of different software development life cycle models in different scenarios.International Journal of Advance research in computer science and management studies. Model, W. (2015). Waterfall model.Luettavissa: https://www. waterfall-model. com/. Luettu,3. Rastogi, V. (2015). Software Development Life Cycle Models-Comparison, Consequences.International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies,6(1), 168-172. Sabale, R. G., Dani, A. R. (2012). Comparative study of prototype model for software engineering with system development life cycle.IOSR Journal of Engineering,2(7), 21-24. Stoica, M., Mircea, M., Ghilic-Micu, B. (2013). Software development: Agile vs. traditional.Informatica Economica,17(4), 64. Tuteja, M., Dubey, G. (2012). A research study on importance of testing and quality assurance in software development life cycle (SDLC) models.International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE),2(3), 251-257. Unuakhalu, M. F. (2014). Integrating Risk Management in System Development Life Cycle 1. Wells, H. (2012). How effective are project management methodologies? An explorative evaluation of their benefits in practice.Project Management Journal,43(6), 43-58.

Behavioral Essays - Behaviorism, Learning, Experimental Psychology

Behavioral Conditioning What I want to do is train my dog to shake with either paw upon request. If I say "right" I want him to raise his right paw and the same for the left. I would use operant and classical conditioning to reach the goal of teaching this trick to my dog. I must condition the dog to shake by using positive reinforcement. The dog (Max) already puts his paw on me when I grab his head so I will act like I am going to reach for his head and when he puts his paw on me I will say, "shake." Every time he puts his paw on me after I say shake I will give him a liver treat. Once I have conditioned him to shake it will then be time to differentiate right from left. I want the words, "shake right" and "shake left " to be the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the raising of the appropriate paw to be the conditioned response (CR). I will condition the unconditioned response (UCR), shaking; the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), tapping his leg, by using operant conditioning and liver treats as positive reinforcement. Day 1: I began by acting like I was going to grab Max' head. Just as I suspected he put his paw on my arm. I tapped his leg and I gave him a treat as a positive reinforcer. I am using operant conditioning at this point in order to establish an unconditioned stimulus (taping Max' leg) and an unconditioned response (putting his paw in my hand). Once I have shaped this behavior I can then go on to the second phase using Pavlov's classical conditioning. Day 2: After two days of fixed ratio reinforcement, Max is beginning to give a conditioned response every time I tap his leg. Every time I tap his leg we exchange a paw for a liver treat. I am using continuous reinforcement today. Day 3: I have switched to using variable interval reinforcement. I will only give him a liver treat whenever I feel like it. Max is now learning that when I tap his leg he is to give me his paw. I am actually conditioning an unconditioned response. I am still using variable interval reinforcement but I only gave him two treats the whole day. Day 4: It is now time to switch over to classical conditioning. I have the active ingredient to do a Pavlov classic experiment. My UCS is now the leg tap and the UCR is Max shaking. I no longer have to use any reinforcement. Every time I tap Max' leg, he shakes. Day 5: I now introduce the words "shake right," the neutral stimulus (NS), as I tap the appropriate leg. I am beginning to get the conditioned response, which is lifting the appropriate paw. Day 6: I now introduce the words "shake left," as I tap the appropriate leg. I now have to reintroduce positive reinforcement. I am afraid Max might be forgetting the CR. He is not wanting to cooperate. Day 7: The NS alone now produces a conditioned response, thereby becoming a CS. I must use variable interval reinforcement to insure the CR continues. I will use this schedule of reinforcement so that Max won't know when to expect a treat. I figure that if he doesn't know when to expect a treat, he will give the CR to the CS more often than not. Day 8: When I say, "shake right," Max will lift his right paw. When I say, "shake left" he lifts the left paw. I will continue to use the variable interval reinforcement to maintain the behavior. This was a lot of fun and my dog just got smarter. I think I got smarter too. I think I could teach Max to do whatever I want him to as long as I follow the simple steps of conditioning, classical and operant.

Free Essays on Sibling Rivarly

The Love and Hate between Siblings: Sibling Rivalry One moment children can look like cherubs cuddling on a Christmas card. At other times when a parent turns their back- a full-scale brawl erupts between the siblings. â€Å"Mom, she’s in my room getting into things again!† â€Å"Dad, he won’t stop looking out my window!† â€Å"Me first! Me first!† So children don’t always get along. In fact, sometimes they seem to genuinely despise each other. Think back to childhood. How well did you get along with your siblings? As long as there are brothers and sisters there will be sibling rivalry. This doesn’t mean parents have to sit back and watch their children tourcher each other. The term ‘sibling’ refers to children who are related and living in the same family (Child Development Institute 1). It’s not strange to here the word sibling; however it is the word â€Å"rivalry† that catches society’s attention. The term â€Å"rivalry† is usua lly about something that one sibling has that the other sibling wants. Sibling rivalry has existed since the human race began. Think back to Biblical times and Joseph’s problems with his brothers (Child Development Institute 1). The Bible records the first murder case of sibling rivalry- Cain; the first-born was irrated at constantly having to help take care of his younger brother, Abel. The story of Cain and Abel had a tragic ending; Cain became so angry he killed Abel (Faull 88). Though sibling rivalry is an age-old obsession, surprisingly few formal studies have not probed the psychological impact of conflict between brothers and sisters; nor have they examined how parents arbitrate those disputes (Barovick 91). Many parents follow the popular lore: it’s best for the siblings to work it out for themselves. A study published in Development Psychology found that most parents follow the popular lore’ even the parents feel the popular is ineffective. Over the years... Free Essays on Sibling Rivarly Free Essays on Sibling Rivarly The Love and Hate between Siblings: Sibling Rivalry One moment children can look like cherubs cuddling on a Christmas card. At other times when a parent turns their back- a full-scale brawl erupts between the siblings. â€Å"Mom, she’s in my room getting into things again!† â€Å"Dad, he won’t stop looking out my window!† â€Å"Me first! Me first!† So children don’t always get along. In fact, sometimes they seem to genuinely despise each other. Think back to childhood. How well did you get along with your siblings? As long as there are brothers and sisters there will be sibling rivalry. This doesn’t mean parents have to sit back and watch their children tourcher each other. The term ‘sibling’ refers to children who are related and living in the same family (Child Development Institute 1). It’s not strange to here the word sibling; however it is the word â€Å"rivalry† that catches society’s attention. The term â€Å"rivalry† is usua lly about something that one sibling has that the other sibling wants. Sibling rivalry has existed since the human race began. Think back to Biblical times and Joseph’s problems with his brothers (Child Development Institute 1). The Bible records the first murder case of sibling rivalry- Cain; the first-born was irrated at constantly having to help take care of his younger brother, Abel. The story of Cain and Abel had a tragic ending; Cain became so angry he killed Abel (Faull 88). Though sibling rivalry is an age-old obsession, surprisingly few formal studies have not probed the psychological impact of conflict between brothers and sisters; nor have they examined how parents arbitrate those disputes (Barovick 91). Many parents follow the popular lore: it’s best for the siblings to work it out for themselves. A study published in Development Psychology found that most parents follow the popular lore’ even the parents feel the popular is ineffective. Over the years...

Efficiency of Cloud Computing Data Centers Thesis

Efficiency of Cloud Computing Data Centers - Thesis Example the respective organization, whereas, cloud computing is referred to as the ‘public cloud’ since it is available for use by any individual who might need instantaneous computing capability. This innovative concept has even leaped the performance level of data centers to a new level and has reduced costs for independent developers and organizations. 2. Background Information Warr (2009) stated that cloud computing is also referred to as ‘Platform as a Service’ (PaaS) since developers use it as a platform to run their applications or even develop them from scratch without investing in the acquisition of the required operating system or server hardware. Another name that is used for this concept is ‘Infrastructure as a Service’ (IaaS); it includes the dynamic usage of CPUs, virtual servers, network, storage, systems software etc. Software as a service (SaaS) is another type of cloud computing that provides access to software to users on their need basis while the software runs on the vendor’s side of the data centers. The conventional mode of using the software requires the installation of the software on the user’s computer but this latest technology requires no such installation. Since many decades, internet users have been availing the service of uploading their documents and pictures on the internet by different services like Flickr, Snapfish etc; this concept has enabled the people to save their data ‘on the cloud’. The latest concept of cloud computing is far more usable, scalable and efficient for individual developers and organizations. 2.1 Criteria of Effective Performance Rajan (2011) provided some relevant characteristics that can be helpful to... This paper stresses that the conventional enterprise data centers have been found to possess several limitations and constraints that make their adoption difficult. Enterprise data centers constitute a limited storage capacity and much capital is needed to increase the scale of the data centers. Cloud computing data centers offer the level of scalability that facilitates almost unlimited expansion of the IT infrastructure. The cost of the cloud computing service is dependent on the usage of the requested resources therefore proves to cut costs by significant numbers. The adoption of this technology provides freedom in terms of maintenance and regular updates of the data center software and platforms. This report makes a conclusion that cloud computing data centers promote mobility since they can be accessed from anywhere on the web. Therefore, it can be concluded that cloud computing data centers prove to be effective in typical and atypical business conditions but fall short in the security area. The innovative techniques to improve the physical conditions of the data centers have benefitted the organizations, as well as the society since lesser energy is being consumed from the resources of the planet. Containerized servers, innovative data center designs, evaporative cooling, free-cooling are some of the techniques that have played their role in the reduction of PUE. The uauthor talks that the security standards of cloud computing shall be analyzed in detail for their effectiveness and the rate at which they are being adapted by the respective providers. Data encryption mechanisms shall also be studied that have been adapted by different organizations to improve the cloud comp uting services.

Describe the most challenging obstacle you've had to overcome Essay

Describe the most challenging obstacle you've had to overcome. Discuss its impact on your life. What have you learned from the experience How has overcoming this obstacle shaped who you are today - Essay Example According to me, I had answered the question right but the laughter that came from the student directly told me that something had gone a mess. Hands were up; so I was wrong. For long in my new school, I was not able to get any answer right even in Mathematics that I had always been on top in my former school. The life of embarrassments continued, and I was always the laughing stock in my class. Everybody was convinced that I was a minor. The only thing I ever enjoyed at my new school was the evening sound of the bell. It meant going home, and a burden is lifted. My mother later realized my problem in school, and she always told me that I can do much better and be on top of everybody. I had always known my mother to be right, and I was convinced I could be on top of everybody. I never wanted to be the cause of laughter in class. I never wanted to be embarrassed again. All these instilled hard work in me. My ‘motto’ was to do more than what was expected in me so that I be a free man. By extra reading and consultation with teachers and fellow students, everything started working my ways. At one point I could answer a question that no student could. I started making friends even with those who could not even greet me when I was thought to be at the bottom of the class. Even the brightest in the class wanted me to explain a concept for them. I have learnt that when you do the best and excel, you be the center of admiration. Everybody will want to hang out with you just to borrow the simple ideas you have. Additionally, I have also come to realize that with determination and hard work one can be the best and be on top of everybody (Mathews & Amazon.com (Firm), 2009). I have again realized that no hard work go unrewarded. Lastly, I have come to believe that anybody can be the best when he wants. I am a proud doctor today just because I learnt that if I do things

A Look At Repression English Literature Essay

A Look At Repression English Literature Essay Ladies Coupe: A novel in parts narrates the tale of six women who meet purely by chance on a short train journey. It traces the lives of the six women as they travel in the ladies compartment. The stories they relate help the protagonists Akhilandeswari to find resolutions for the tormenting questions that taunt her and enable her to establish her true identity. The other five women belong to different age groups and classes of the society. Their individual struggle against the myriad repressive forces instills in Akhila a sense of courage and clarity in action. The repressive forces in their multiple manifestations as patriarchal attitudes, sexual politics and sexual stereotyping impose a restriction on womens individuality and leads to their marginalization which is effectuated by traditional and cultural institutions. Feminist perspective as a woman centered theory provides strategies for change. As such the feminist principle is an uncompromising pledge and an antidote to all types of exploitation and repression of women. The fundamental goal of feminist perspective, according to Maggie Humm, is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to understand womens oppression in terms of race, gender, class and sexual preference and how to change it. (Maggie, x) The personality of woman has been sought to be damaged and distorted and her very status as human being has brought down under the overwhelming male domination. Thus, a woman who protests against her depersonalization and annihilation and who walks out of home to live and to be human are made aware of the futility of her actions. Clearly, the forces of cultural and social inculcations are too strong to be completely overcome. We find the Indian women being torn between individual desires and societal expectations. In the tradition bound society like our Indian society, it is no wonder that writers like Anita Nair has reflected such types of repression in her novels. The problem of repression faced by women varies according to their social, cultural and economic status. The tradition bound Indian society considered the very birth of girls a curse and rearing a girl child is more expensive and risky than a male child, so people dreaded the very birth of girls. The girls have to undergo a lot of difficulties in this chauvinistic society, after their difficult entry into this world. Discrimination was shown even in education. People firmly believe that a girls place is only at home, so they were reluctant to give her education. Even when she was educated, she was trained only in domestic traits. This is because a girl is viewed only as wife and a mother. Therefore, the one and only idea instituted in her mind, right from her birth was to please the male. This becomes the soul purpose of her life. So, even right from her birth the repressive problems are faced by women. In Ladies Coupe, Anita Nair delineates various women characters and provides a macro picture of womens society. Janaki got married at the age of eighteen. As a girl of eighteen, she is not matured enough to know the meaning of marriage and what to expect of marriage. Janaki accommodates her body and mind to marriage and what it had to offer her in life. She did not live for her own self; she lived for her husband. Janaki didnt know what to expect of marriage. All through her girlhood, marriage was a destination she was being groomed for. She wasnt expected to know what it really meant to be married, and neither was she curious about it. It would come to her as it had to her mother. (LC 25) As a wife in the patriarchal society, Janaki finds her husband a loving and protecting one in the initial of her life. She is not matured enough to understand her suppressed condition in the patriarchal society. She remembers the words of her mother, He is your husband and you must accept whatever he does (LC 25). They have a son and daughter-in-law. They were branded as the golden couple and were exemplary perfect parents. As she got married at a very early age, she doesnt even know that she is suppressed in the bond of marriage. Only at the age of forty-five, she realized that all her desires are oppressed. But, Janaki resents her husbands overbearing nature over their son and revolts against it. She questions his right to control their son and slowly she begins to hate her husbands actions. Janaki could not unlearn what patriarchy had instituted in her. Even the initial revulsion of the physical act in the beginning of her married life, turns into an acceptance of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ‚ ¦ pleasures hidden in rituals of togethernessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (26). She is confined in the bondage of a wife, mother and most importantly the woman that patriarchy has moulded into her. Marriage life is the next stage of repression. After marriage, a girl becomes a woman and she has various roles to perform. She has to play the roles of a daughter in law, wife, mother and mother in law. Of all the roles mentioned here, the most difficult roles are a woman as daughter-in- law and wife. They could never come out of tradition. The inborn feminine traits of the traditional never allowed them to mould away from tradition. They never opposed or questioned their men folk. Instead, they suppress all their emotions and desires and are being controlled by the repressive forces. Janaki, an elderly and wise woman, comes out with a meaning of life that all women are prone to: I am a woman who has always been looked after. First there was my father and my brothers; then my husband. When my husband is gone, there will be my son, waiting to take from where his father let off. Women like me end up being fragile. Our men treat us like princesses. And because of that we look down upon women who are strong and who can cope by themselves. I believe in that old clichà © that a home was a womans kingdom. I worked hard to preserve mineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and then suddenly one day it didnt matter anymore. My home ceased to interest me, none of the beliefs I had built my life around had any meaning. I thought if I were to lose it all, I would cope. If I ever became alone I would manage perfectly. I was confident about that. I think I was tired of being this fragile creatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Now I know that even if I can cope it wouldnt be the same if he wasnt there with me. (22-23) Evelyn Cunningham says that the women are the only oppressed group in our society that lives in intimate association with their oppressors. They even felt glorified in their sufferings, and if any women had rebellious attitude, the people around them curbed that in the beginning itself. Women were brainwashed right from their birth to be polite, submissive and obedient. She was expected to be chaste and faithful even when her husband was unfaithful. It is not only these illiterate home birds who were afraid to rebel against tyranny and exploitations but even the educated house wives stuck firmly to the traditional role. Such women inspite of their education considered suffering in their husbands place was far better than leading a lonely life. Margaret Shanthi, is one of the important characters in the novel Ladies Coupe novel. She is a chemistry teacher by profession is married to Ebenezer Paulraj, the principal of the school she worked in. He was a pompous self-opinionated individual who successfully destroyed Margarets self-confidence by bullying her always and then treating her as a house keeper and a cook. She goes through many physical, mental and spiritual crises. Their marriage had a fairy tale like charm initially which slowly disintegrates when Margaret begins to see the true nature of Ebe. He loved her but she dare have no individuality. Margaret initially is the little girl who says yes to whatever he says and is out to please him always. Margarets husband wanted her to become a docile wife. This is the life of the women to look after her home, her husband and her children and give them food she has cooked with her own hands (LC 40). She leads a life of obscurity in some corner of the house all the time pretend ing to be satisfied and happy. As Kamala Das says in her poem The Suicide, But I must pose I must pretend I must act the role of a happy woman Happy wife. (227) She is forced to pursue B.Ed though her real interest is to do Ph.D. Ebe insists and forces her to abort their first child which ultimately is the last straw for Margaret. She sees through his dual nature of pretentious politeness and inner cruelty. His ridiculous theories, derisive contempt of her way of house keeping and cooking and collection of defacing books with ugly drawings only intensifies Margarets hatred. She hates her husband whom she once adorned and worshipped because her dreams were broken and she comes crashing down to reality, when she is forced to abort her first pregnancy. Gnawed by indecision, guilt and pain, she allows herself to be coerced into it. She sees another side of her husband when after her abortion, a week later, he says: I love it when you call me Ebeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I like you like thisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ unstained and cleanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I never want you to change. I want you to remain like this all your life (LC 111). Whenever she tried to share her fe elings with her mother she is advised in turn: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and like I have said many times before, it is a womans responsibility to keep the marriage happy. Men have so many pre occupations that they might not have the time or inclination to keep the wheels of a marriage oiled (112). Ebe became more and more over bearing after he becomes the principle of a school. He begins to nag her and find fault in her house keeping and cooking. She begins to hate him. Margarets family cannot accept the idea of a divorce and though she feels stifled in her marriage she continues living with Ebe. Her only consolation is food and she puts on weight. His dual nature, artificial politeness and warmth and inner cruelty; his ego, his defacing books with ugly drawings, his various theories and his constant derisive contempt of her, make her suffer intensely. I, Margaret Shanthi did it with the sole desire for revenge. To erode his self-esteem and shake the very foundations of his being. To rid this world of a creature who if allowed to remain the way he was, slim, lithe and arrogant, would continue to harvest sorrow with a single-minded joy. (LC 96) Repeatedly discouraged by her mother and the fear of the stigma of divorce, she stops short of openly asking questions that torment her mind and soul: What about me? Dont I  have a  right to  have any  expectations  of him?  Dont I work as hard as he  does and more because I run the house as well (112). Liberation is meaningful, if we do not confine women within the bonds of family. The marriage makes women submissive. This is one of the main repressive forces that every woman in the society is facing. Margaret Shanti is a good example of how women are repressed upon by male power. The powerlessness is like the colonized who fail to see and appreciate their true worth. Societal expectations far outweigh personal needs and so Shanti negates herself again and again. From an ambitious and brilliant student who wants to chart out a career on her own, she becomes a dutiful wife to Ebenezer who rouses fear in everyone around him. She silences her aspirations in order to be what Ebenezer wants her to be. She decided to become a teacher instead of working on her decorate. She cut her hair short. She stopped going to church every Sunday, eating bhelpuri outside and finally agrees to abort her child though she knows that her religion forbids it. As usual, he takes the decisions and I (Shanti) let his voice smooth away my fears. He was Ebe. My Ebe. He was right. He was always right (LC 109). Shashi Deshpande, in her novel The Dark Holds No Terror, defines the lopsided gender equation within the context of urban marital relationships. A wife must always be a few feet behind her husband. If he is an M.A., you should be a B.Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Womens magazines will tell you that marriage should be an equal partnership. Thats nonsense. Rubbish. No partnership can ever be equal. It will always be unequal, but take care that its unequal in favor of your husband. (The Dark Holds No Terror 85) The belief that existed in the past and continued to be fresh in the minds of the people was that the man should be the bread winner and woman the home maker in the family. It was the husband who slogs way at job or business, to give the family a decent way of living, fully confident that the wife at home would efficiently manage the house, also look after his parents and children, awaiting his return for a conjugal round of dinner. In the present day, the situation becomes different. Women now demand more space, the rights and freedom because they want to come out of the repressive forces. They are not ready to be submissive and meek as their mothers. The problem of violence against women is not new. Women in the context of Indian society have been victims of repression, torture, humiliation and exploitation. All were merely trying to seek fulfillment by playing the role of a devoted wife and a caring mother. Friedan writes, For a woman, as for a man the need for self-fulfillment autonomy, self-realization, independence, individuality, self-actualization is as important as the sexual need, with as serious consequences when it is thwarted. Womens sexual problems are, in this sense, by-products of the suppression of her basic need to grow and fulfill her potentialities as human being, potentialities which the mystique of feminism fulfillment ignores. (282) Nairs women suffer from a system of sex role stereotyping and repression that exist under patriarchal social organizations. Of course, patriarchy, in its different forms, has tried in many ways to repress, debase and humiliate women especially through the images represented in cultural and traditional forms. She is supposed only to listen, not to speak; only to suffer, not to shriek (42). In Ladies Coupe, Marikolanthu is the last one to narrate her story. She is a young girl and uneducated who is poorly dressed and lives in a tamed and controlled environment. She lives in a noisy psycho-social group and she is stressed by it. Hans Seyle, an endocrinologist says that stress is the rate of wear and tear in the body. Her mother works as a cook at the Chettiar household. Her mother stopped her schoolings and allowed only her sons to go for school. Marikolanthu was repeatedly warned by her mother  because she was easily impressed by people: you give your heart too easily,  child.  They will break it  into thousand  pieces  and leave it on the ground for others to trample into dust (LC  216).  On such occasions  she had  always  teased  her  mother asking her if the heart was a glass bangle (LC  216). But her experience results in her realization of the value of her  mothers  words.  She  says, But you know what, the heart is a glass bangle. One careless moment and it is shattered. We know that, yet we continue to wear glass bangles. Each time they break, we buy new ones hoping that these will last longer than the others did. How silly we women are. We should wear bangles made of granite and turn hearts into the same. When the girls are trained in the domestic affairs, the boys are expected to keep away from the domestic traits. Much discrimination are shown in the upbringing of boys and girls. In a male chauvinistic society like India, boys are given a long rope, while the girls are confined at home. Even the girls themselves never minded such discriminations. On the contrary they are well contended with their role. Later Marikolanthu is employed as a domestic helper and also she has to look after Sujata akkas son. She adores that kid but hates her own son Muthu who is born after a rape encounter with Murugesan so she resents the birth of her unwanted son. Her life revolves around the Chettiar household. She looks after the households and in the afternoons, she willingly obeys whenever Sujatha akka needs her for her physical fulfillment and whenever the master needs her for the same. When Sujatha akka learns about her husbands affair, she rejects Marikolanthu and throws her out of the house. Marikolanthu leaves Kanchepuram and before that she mortgages her son Muthu for rupees five thousand at her rapist Murugesans looms. Later, there is a change in her heart when she sees her son lighting the pyre of the dead Murugesan. She decides to take care of her son Muthu. Marikolanthu has to face the strains of life herself. She is a victim of repression, a virtual slave, the victim of men, of casteism and of innumerable social injustices. It is that gender bias and oppression of women emerges as a powerful theme of the novel. She is being repressed by Murugesan. The device he uses to control her is rape. She feels defiled and corrupt. She evokes our sympathy when she says, In the distance, I heard the calls. Bogi! Bogi! The sparks would fly as the bonfire was set alight and the night would crackle with the sound of dried logs and twigs waking up. With my past, my future too had been torched alive. (LC 241) Marikolunthu suffers extreme repression social, familial and financial. It is ultimately love that brings her on the right track where she will find happiness and fulfillment. Her struggle has been one of hate for herself and accommodating with humiliating relationships thereafter. Her resolve to bring up her child shows her forming in to a new character. The words of  Marikolunthu could be quoted as an apt conclusion to the motif of the novel: Women are strong. Woman can do everything as well as men. Women can do much more. But a woman has to seek the vein of strength in herself. It does not show itself naturally. (LC 210) The female body becomes the site of violence in the case of the rape of Marikolanthu. Like the violence unleashed by the colonizer on the powerless colonized, she has to face physical repression and mental torture when left to fend for her. With his brute strength, Murugesan attacks her and she is left helpless. She is different from the other women in the coupe because her experiences are far more painful. The traditional image that a girl forms in her mind is to be submissive, committed, docile and tolerant so that she may prove herself an ideal woman not only for her husband but also for her father in law, mother in law and the other in laws. The Brahmin heroine, Akhila, whose life has been taken out of her control, is a spinster, daughter, sister, aunt and the only provider of her family after the death of her father. Getting fed up with these multiple roles, she decides to go on a train journey away from family and responsibilities, a journey that will ultimately make her a different woman. In the ladies coupe compartment, she meets five other women each of whom has a story to tell. The stories are all an attempt to answer Akhhilas problematic question. Can a woman stay single and be happy at the same time? Akhila asks such a question because she is being suppressed by all the members of her family. She has never been allowed to live her own life. She questions her family members, Why shouldnt I live alone? Im of able body and mind. I can look after myself. I earn reasonably well. Akhila paused when her voice chocked with tears, and asked me what my desires were or what my dreams are? Did anyone of you ever think of me as a woman? Someone who has needs and longings just like you do? (LC 206) The protagonist Akhila loses her father at a very young age and since then she has been shouldering the responsibility of the entire family. She served as a clerk in the income tax department. When Akhilas father died, the family responsibility falls on her fragile shoulders. The narrator elucidates: When Akhilas father died, two things happened: Sunday become just another day of the week and Akhila became the man of the family (LC 75). Manning the responsibility of the family begins to repress her desires. Even her mother does not care about her desires. They have never asked, What about you? Youve been the head of this family ever since Appa died. Dont you want a husband, children, a home of your own? (LC 77). Akhila wanted to lead her life with Hari who is younger than herself. But her desires have been repressed by the social norms. Akhila wished for once, someone would see her as a whole being. What Akhila most desired in the world was to be her own person; in a place that was her own. To do as she pleased. To live as she chose with neither restraint nor fear of censure (LC 201). Akhilas youthful days were spent bringing up her sister Padma and two brothers Narayan and Narsi. They are happily married and settled. She is seen as a bread winner and they continue to suppress her desires with their needs and demands. Akhila says Dont you think you should wait for your elder sister to get married before you think of a wife and a family? (LC 77). Her selfish siblings were concerned only about their own well-being. They married and moved on in life without even bothering to think about Akhilas future. Akhila has wasted away her precious youthful days and when she finally mustered the courage to make a difference in life; she was given a lot of advice by her siblings about the dangers of living alone as a spinster. Her sister Padma needed the financial support of Akhila to run the household. The brothers Narayan and Narsi were worried about society. Narsi its improper for a woman to live alone. What will society say? That your family has abandoned you. Besides, there will be a whole lot of questions that will pop up about your reputation. You know how people put two and two together and come up with six. Nalinis family will be scandalized if they hear about this. Have you thought of how embarrassing my position will be? (Ladies Coupe 205) Akhilas brother tried to smoothen her ruffled feathers. He said that he owed his life to his sister. But he too was worried about Akhilas decision to live alone. He said, How will you cope? This is not a reflection on who you are. How can any woman cope alone? (206). Thus a patriarchal society did not approve o a womans decision to live alone without the protection of the men of the house, even if they financially depended on the women. Akhila saw the irony of the situation and later developed the succor to overcome such tyrannical systems. Initially Akhila undertakes the journey to Kanyakumari as a form of escape. Akhila is placed in a situation of unfamiliarity and dislocation precisely because her struggle for identity should come out more clearly. What she hated most à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦was not having an identity of her own. She was always an extension of someone elses identity. Chandras daughter, Narayans Akka, Priyas auntà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ she wished for someone would see her as a whole being. Akhila undertakes this journey as a form of escape, a desire to go away alone, a sense of excitement of being able to do something all by herself, not having to take permission, of taking an independent decision. She moves on to see what has never been seen, go where she has never gone before. Akhilas journey begins with a sense of escape: the smell of a railway platform at night fills Akhila with a sense of escape (1). Always the daughter, the sister, the aunt or the provider, she had no time to actualize herself, until one day she bought for herself a one-day ticket to the seaside town of Kanyakumari. She is gloriously alone for the first time in her life and is determined to break free from all that her conservative Tamil Brahmin life had forced on her. Akhila had always dreamt of this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦eyes looking ahead. Of leaving. Of running away. Of pulling out. Of escaping(1). Akhila has never done anything that she desired to, but only what she was expected to do. But now she has a strong desire to be free and want to experience the real happiness of freedom. She decides to go the lands end to make a new beginning of experiencing the real meaning of freedom. And we are introduced to Akhila as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that sort of a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (who) does what is expected of herà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(1). In their minds Akhila has ceased to be a woman and had already metamorphosed into a spinster. Akhila is a woman who is throbbing with life, vitality and sexuality. All these are suppressed to cater to the needs of her family. Akhila understands that matrimony is a patriarchal practice which sanctions men power to overpower woman. All the women characters in Ladies Coupe have been affected in one way or other because of patriarchal system. It provides an insight into emotional challenges of each of the women overcame in their life. It is the emotional outburst of the deprived women that Akhila has tried to portray. Women hesitate to take decision on their own and they think marriage is the ultimate aim of their life and pleasing their husband is a main concern of women. In the due course, they failed to create identity of their own. The self abnegation of women goes unrecognized in a patriarchal society and this leads to the self abasement of womens importance in society. A woman in t he post independence era is aware of the discrimination she has to face, the sexual harassment and violence which she explores in the male dominated society. Nair discusses marital rape perpetrated by the modern Indian male in her novels. The restrictions prevalent in Indian family prevent the Indian girls from youthful love before marriage. Girls are generally not allowed to mix with boys during their adolescence. The girls feelings are not shown as they are rarely expressed in real life. It is common for all girls in the middle class to express their love or make decisions. As the girls are confined at home the most part of their pleasing others becomes their prime duty at home. Shashi Deshpande rightly judges that, everything in girls life, it seemed was shaped to that single purpose of pleasing a male (79). The novel Mistress discusses the sexual violence and the repressive power of Shyam in the marital relationship of Shyam and Radha. This novel revolves around the life of Radha, Shyam and their morbid marriage against the backdrop of the narratives of Radhas uncle Koman, who is a Kathakali exponent. Her unhappy situation in the ill matched marriage drives her into the arms of Chris, an American writer. The novel culminates in Radha finding her own voice and deciding to go against the repressive force of her husband. The most remarkable part of the novel is the characterization of Shyam, which is a perfect mould of a modern, educated, tech savvy Indian male who finds it hard to shed his traditional role as a man. Nair has given Shyam his own voice through his first person narrative and thereby taking the reader straight into his mind. Shyam is a twenty first century male through and through. He is extremely successful in his business, which is his undoing in a sense. He is never reluctant to turn any opportunity into a money making venture. His only failure perhaps is his inability to understand his wife and treat her as an individual who has a mind for her own. To him, Radha is another possession, which he is proud of, as he is of his business ventures. He often refers to her as My Radha (90) as if to affirm his ownership. Simone de Beauvoir speaks about this masculine trait in The Second Sex: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Subordinated economically and socially to her husband, the good wife is the mans most precious treasure. She belongs to him so profoundly that she partakes the same essence as he; she has his name, his gods, and he is responsible for her. He calls her his better half. He takes pride in his wife as he does in his house, his lands, his flocks, and his wealth and sometimes even more; through her he displays his power before the world; she is his measure and his earthly portion. (207) Shyams idea of marriage is to keep a pretty wife, indulge in her wishful fancies and make her dependent on him. He does not want an assertive woman as a wife. Radha and Shyam are incompatible in many ways and Radha feels suffocated by her marriage. She compares herself to the butterfly which can be taken as a good example of repression. His arms pins me to the bed. His bed. I think that for Shyam, I am a possession. A much cherished possession. That is my role in his life. He doesnt want an equal; what he wants is a mistress. Someone to indulge and someone to indulge him with feminine wilesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I think of the butterfly I caught and pinned to a board when it was still alive, its wings spread so as to display the markings, oblivious that somewhere within, a little heart beat, yearning to fly. I am that butterfly now. (Mistress 87) Feminism voices the new womans demand to be treated as an equal human being, rather than a piece of furniture meant for the convenience of man. The repression of woman is expressed well in the novels of women writers in all its intensity. Shyam wanted to prove that he is the husband and he has complete right over his wifes body whether she welcomes the intrusion or not. Shyams perpetrate acts of sexual violence leaves a deep scar on Radha, where as, he is quite satisfied with what he has done without any remorse. He is blind in his pursuit and does not care for Radhas feelings. His only aim is to bring her under control by suppressing her desires and emotions. The key to happiness in marriage is the ability to endure and go on. But there are many marriages where women are dominated by their husbands and do not find freedom and space in their marital life. There is a new breed of women who is questioning the very institution of marriage and the double standards of judgment applied to women and men. Panduranga Rao rightly admires that, Given the limitations of tradition and its inhibitive influence one cannot but admire the guts of these women who have taken it upon themselves to question and question logically what comes to be accepted as a divine fiat in matters of man-woman relationship and related areas. (Ra0 75) For Shyam, Radha is his proud possession and the marriage between Shyam and Radha fails to be a marriage of minds or hearts. In place of an understanding and meaningful relationship that marriage can be, Shyam wants an unequal relationship that would make Radha his proud possession so the marriage between Shyam and Radha is not a marriage of minds or hearts. Radha has no expectations from the institutions of marriage. Shyam always does things to maintain his prestige. He says I am a survivor everyday and in every way. Im getting better and better (160). This attitude makes Radha uneasy. She is escorted everywhere and has little freedom to do anything on her own. All her desires and emotions were totally repressed. In her relationship with Shyam she feels, I think that for Shyam, I am a possession. A much cherished possession. That is my role in his life. He doesnt want an equal; what he wants is a mistress. Someone to indulge and someone to indulge him with feminine wiles. (Mistress 153) She is blamed always for being disorderly. She never arranged books in the shelf properly. There is a lack of meaningful communication between them which leads to a rift in their relationship. However, Shyam admires Radha in every way and loves her very much. Radha says Shyam likes to think of me prettying myself for him. He prefers a glossy, silly wife to a homely, practical one. Glossy, silly wives are malleable (Mistress 61). She is kept at home like a bird in the cage unable to exhibit her talents. When he prevents her from going to the match factory, a clash occurs again between them. Radha is also thwarted from taking tuitions in a primary school. Shyams domination over her prevents her from making a choice of her own. This kind of domination makes her feel suffocated and she asks him, Dont I have a right to a