Book Review The Practice of Management by Peter F. Drucker

The Practice of Management by Peter F. Drucker. Harper Row, 1954 This book is divided into 6 main parts: Managing A Business; Managing Managers; The Structure Of Management; Management Of Workers And The Worker; What It Means To Be A Manager; and a conclusion. In Managing a Business, Drucker stresses the importance of the customer , not economic or market forces, in defining a business. He suggests that it is the customer, not forces, that converts economic resources into wealth, and things into goods. He states that there is only one valid definition of business purpose: to create a customer. (p.37) Drucker goes on to say that any business enterprise has two basic functions - marketing and innovation. I would argue that there should†¦show more content†¦In The Management of Worker and Work, Drucker tells the IBM story where during the depression , they decided to maintain employment levels and enlarged the jobs of employees. As a result output actually increased, especially because the workers had job security and thus didnt feel the need to restrict their output. In order to prevent a surplus of goods, this forced IBM to seek out new markets and new needs both domestically and globally. This made IBM a stronger company during ti mes when most firms would be weaker. Drucker also reminds us that when employing someone, the manager needs to respect that he or she is not simply employing a pair of hands, he or she is employing the whole man who is not only an employee, but a family man and a member of the community. Therefore it would be unfair to expect work to take over the whole sphere of his being, rather the manager should expect to play only a part in it for that worker to be a happier and more productive employee. In analyzing the management of workers, Drucker plays down the importance of personnel and human resources management. He argues that it is the workers manager who should take a lead in their management because the manager would have a much better idea of what their job entails. Scientific management is also not an advisableShow MoreRelatedPaper1529 Words   |  7 Pagesresource management as a career path will advance my prospects immensely. My interest in human resource management centres on the fact that it involves extensive interaction with people from all walks of life. According to George R. Terry, Management is also a human activity and hence it must have definite aims and objectives. A managerial objective is the goal which prescribes definite scope and suggests the efforts of a manager. The main objective of management as givenRead MoreEthical Perspective on Social Responsibility1456 Words   |  6 Pagesbut of society (Drucker, 1981). * Ethics have evolved over centuries and differ across countries and cultures. * â€Å"Casuistry† was the first attempt to think through ‘social responsibility† and to embed it in a set of special ethics for those in power. â€Å"Casuistry† was first propounded in Calvin Institutes, then taken over by the Catholic theologians of the counter-Reformation and developed into a â€Å"political ethics by the Jesuit disciples in the 17th century. (Drucker, 1981). Read MorePeter Drucker: The Father of Modern Management Non-profit organization, corporate society,1900 Words   |  8 PagesPeter Drucker: The Father of Modern Management Non-profit organization, corporate society, management by objectives, are all terms being used and taught today and all have something in common. What is it you ask? Peter Drucker. He was the man behind all of these ideas and their growth into what they have become today. He has been titled many things including, â€Å"The Man Who Invented Corporate Society† and â€Å"the father of management principles†. The article, Drucker (2005), stated that Peter was â€Å"hailedRead MoreAs We Advanced From The 20Th Century To The 21St Century1999 Words   |  8 PagesThis is also true for how we as a civilization viewed management, progressed and continued to progress in bettering our management practices. This book analyzes old and new assumptions of management practices along with the reality that comes with the new strategies. The author also describes that as we go through these changes a leader that knows how to work with change is important to have to get passed the many information challenges. Drucker then describes that as the organizations change it isRead MoreManagement Theories1287 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization and management, known as management theory, the significant being Frederick Taylor s Principles of Scientific Management which involved the development of training workers through special incentives and compensation (Boone p.33). In general, early management scientists tended to believe that there was a single way to organize companies and manage employees. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were initial attempts for launching a systematic and scientific study of management; by theRead MoreEssay on Management Theories1263 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization and management, known as management theory, the significant being Frederick Taylors Principles of Scientific Management which involved the development of training workers through special incentives and compensation (Boone p.33). In general, early management scientists t ended to believe that there was a single way to organize companies and manage employees. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were initial attempts for launching a systematic and scientific study of management; by theRead MoreEssay on The Life of Peter Ferdinand Drucker2289 Words   |  10 PagesBackground of Peter Drucker Peter Ferdinand Drucker is the real name for Peter Drucker and he was an Austrian-born American. He was known as a management consultant, educator and author that had contributed to the philosophy and practical foundations of the modern business organization. He was born on 19 November 1909 at Vienna, Austria. At that time, his mother was a medicine student while his father was a lawyer and high-civil servant. His mother is Caroline Bondi and his father is Adolf Drucker. Read MoreBusiness Economics3927 Words   |  16 Pages| Peter F. Drucker is the management scholar. He is thought to be the establishing father of current management. Peter Drucker, whose life crossed the previous century (1909 – 2005), was an exceedingly instructed native of the world: an innovative soul who composed thirty-nine books including numerous fantastic chips away at business management. He was a man of numerous parts: a sharp eyewitness, a long lasting understudy, an educator, mentor of eminent corporate pioneers, and the organizer ofRead MoreManagement by Objectives Report2213 Words   |  9 Pages(Project management: Case Studies Harold Kerzner, (2006). John Wiley and Sons) Management by objectives This technique allows all parties, the project manager, the functional manager, and the employee, to share and to participate in the appraisal. It epitomizes the systems approach since it allows for objectives modification without undue or undeserved penalty to the employee. Finally, it uses objective data and downplays subjective data. Advantages emphasis on results rather than onRead MoreThe Manager’s Bookshelf: a Mosaic of Contemporary Views3779 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction In the text the manager’s bookshelf: A Mosaic of Contemporary views provides just what the title states, a â€Å"mosaic† of different management theories summarized from a select few best-selling management books. Before the text goes into the detail of the theories it explains how the authors determine a â€Å"best seller†. A best seller is based on â€Å"market acceptance, provocativeness, distinctiveness, representativeness and the authors reputation† (Jon L. Pierce; John W. Newstrom, 2010,p.9)

Health Care For The Health Of Animals And Work For Improve...

When an animal is sick, injured, or not doing what the animal does in a daily basis; then, that is the time when to call a vet for help. A vet is a person that works with animals and tries to treat the animal. A vet is a good job in fact, but to get the degree and finish veterinary school is the hard part but the salary and job outlook looks very good. Some duties that veterinarians have to do are examine and diagnose animals’ health problems, treat wounds, perform surgery, and test and vaccinate for diseases (â€Å"Veterinarians† para. 11). Diagnosing and treating conditions of animals is the main service of a veterinarian (M, Taylor para. 2). Vets also have to calmly explain the condition of the pet, or the procedure the pet has to go through to the pet owner (M, Taylor para. 2). The article stated, â€Å"Veterinarians care for the health of animals and work to improve public health† (â€Å"Veterinarians† para. 2). To treat the animal, Veterinarians have to make the right decision for treating illnesses and injuries of animals because vets cannot give the pet the wrong treatment, or the pet would not get any better or even worse get more sick (â€Å"Veterinarians† para. 39). Most of all a vet should be a person that loves to be around animals (â€Å"M, Taylor para. 7). The U.S. Bureau of Lab or of Statistics said,†Strong communication skills are essential for veterinarians, who must be able to discuss their recommendations and explain treatment options to animal owners and give instructionsShow MoreRelatedAnimal Care For The Health Of Animals And Work For Improve Public Health1331 Words   |  6 Pagesgo to see a doctor. When an pet becomes ill they go to see a special doctor specializing in animal care, a veterinarian. A veterinarian cares for all types of animals and wildlife. Being a veterinarian is a profession which requires intense medical training and has rewarding financial gains as well as a promising job market Veterinarians duties include the following: examine and diagnose animals’ health problems, treat wounds, perform surgery, also test and vaccinate for diseases (â€Å"Veterinarians†Read MoreDog Care For The Health Of Animals And Work For Improve Public Health1362 Words   |  6 PagesWhen an animal is sick or injured; then, it might be wise to call a vet for help. A vet is a doctor that works for animals, pets, and wildlife. A vet is a good job in fact, but to get the degree and finish veterinary school is the hard part but the salary and job outlook looks very good. Some duties that veterinarians have to do are examine and diagnose animals’ health problems, treat wounds, perform surgery, and test and vaccinate for diseases (â€Å"Veterinarians† para. 11). The main service of a veterinarianRead MoreBenefits Of Becoming A Veterinarian1287 Words   |  6 PagesBecoming a veterinarian takes a lot of hard work and many years of schooling, but it is an immensely satisfying job for those that are comfortable with and passionate about working with animals as well as people. Veterinarians offer medical care to by diagnosing and treating sick animals, which are often household pets, farm animals, and zoo animals. While looking into becoming a veterinarian, many factors of the job need to be taken into consideration: education and experience requirements, workingRead MoreWhat Can A Person Do With A Health Science Degree?1453 Words   |  6 Pagesperson do with a health sciences degree?† most people couldn’t answer that question without looking it up. 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Development of Bushfire Detection Technology †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Development of Bushfire Detection Technology. Answer: Introduction NRMA Insurance is an organization that offers insurance services that covers various policies such as life and property. The organization provides insurance cover for a range of property that includes car insurance cover, house cover, water vessels and fire covers. NRMA in addition, offers insurance cover for life against very many life threatening circumstances (https://www.nrma.com.au/). This disaster affects many players that include insurance companies, citizens and the society in general. Most people who live near the forest insure their property or life against fire risk and life threatening firestorm. Often fire incidents destroy property or life thus affecting the entire society in one way or the other. In Australia firestorms is an important disaster that is affecting one out of ten Australians in life (Euan, 2016). NRMA therefore came up with fire detection and prevention innovation that aim to prevent fire outbreak especially bushfire. NRMA Fire Blanket sensor network is a n innovative technology that is developed by NRMA insurance company in partnership with MC Saatchi Group and CSIRO Data61 (https://fireblanket.nrma.com.au/). The project took over two years of research in order to come up with the system that seeks to address the problem of bushfire which is not only problem within the insurance industry but also for the society in general. NRMA as a company tries to include the innovation into its portfolio hence intensifies production of Fire Blanket systems for commercialization (EPMC Michael et al, 2009). This presents opportunity for investors such as the government and other individuals who are interested in the innovation to consider investing in the development of the NRMA Fire Blanket system. The following report explores the NRMA Fire Blanket system as sustainable business innovation. Bushfire is one of the common disasters that affect several people within Australia and globally. There are many people living near the forest and their property are bunt down in the event of bushfires. Bushfire therefore affect many sectors that include insurance companies that offer fire insurance cover and many people living near forest or bush normally insures their property against fire outbreaks. This has been dangerous for those Australians that have not insured their valuable in the event of fire outbreaks. According to Norther Daily Leader (2009), for every 10 Australians one is affected with fire at some point in their life. The project seeks to address the problem of bushfire that is common in day to day lives. NRMA Insurance has since realised the importance of fire detection in order to prevent bushfire risk. NRMA Fire Blanket sensor network is a sustainable innovation technology that solves the problem of bushfire. NRMA as an insurance company is concerned with risk tha t is associated with bush fires. Bushfires is a real challenge for those communities that are living near forest. Bushfires destroy properties for those people living near forest and this affects the company that is such as NRMA. In order to solve the bushfire problem, NRMA in partnership with MC Saatchi Group and CSIRO Data61 developed bushfire detection system called Fire Blanket (Olano, 2016). Benefits of the innovation The innovation has several benefits that are realised both at personal level, industry and at the society level. Firstly, at the personal level, NRMA Fire Blanket prevents loss of valuable that are attributed to bushfire disasters. Bushfire can sometimes destroy facilities that are built near the forest in the event that early intervention is not sorted. This leaves the person with many loses that can also be extended to loss of life (Olano, 2016). Secondly, at the industry level benefits of the innovation is realised through prevention and detection of property destruction that often result from bushfires. For instance, the insurance companies that normally insure property near forest against bushfire has limited fire risk. NRMA Insurance has step up to ensure that fire risk are minimised. NRMA Insurance is also benefiting from the innovation since the whole project has developed another portfolio in its initial portfolios. The company therefore wants to start production of these fire detection systems for commercial purpose (Tuomi, 2002). Thirdly, the society also benefit from the sustainability element of the Fire Blanket innovation since the bushfire that often has direct and indirect impact on the society is prevented at the early stage. Destruction of forest due to bushfire leaves the land bare and also destroy habitat for wild animals that are tourist attraction in Australia. This reduces economic contributor as most forest are also tourist attraction in Australia. Moreover, the innovation protects the society from life los that result from firestorms (50Lessons, 2009). Fourthly, all the organizations that took part the development of the system is most likely to benefit from commercialization of the fire detection and prevention equipments. NRMA in particular seeks to commercialize the whole fire detection, prevention and monitoring system with the aim of diversifying its brand and portfolios. In addition, the fire detection system also seeks to transform the emergency response department of Australia and globally since the equipment will help in monitoring fire outbreaks. This therefore leads to development and production of technologies that will be sold to the organizations and individuals (EPMC Michael et al, 2009). Bushfires are disasters that need high priority for development of prevention or detection techniques. Bushfires are frequent in Australia especially in wormer months of the years. Fires often break in various places usually mountain forest or grassland with an extensive impact couple with loss of property and life (Mulcaster, 2009). This is particularly important both in policy makers and insurance companies that insure property against bushfire risks. The disaster need to be given high priorities by investors who puts more effort in the fire detection technologies. Currently more focus is based on the emergency responses that are aiming at putting out fire in the event of bushfire outbreak. This need to change with the development of the innovation and more focus should be on the prevention and detection of the firestorm (Nag, Hambrick Chen, 2007). Strategic objectives The strategic objective for the project was to detect bushfire, monitor fire disasters and prevention of firestorms. Firstly, the project seeks to detect fire early enough for the emergency responses to respond to the disaster in time. Secondly, the innovation also aims to monitor any signs of fire within the flora areas in the country through remote sensor that forms part of the system. Thirdly, the innovation aims to prevent fire risk that may destroy property leading to economic loss for both individual and the society (Hill Gareth, 2012). Australia as a country has come up with various indicators for fire risk. Some of these indicators are high temperatures, wind speed and level of dry grass. High temperatures are associated with warmer days and have high influence on the bush fires. Winds speed up the fire in the event there are fire anywhere near flammable objects. The dryness of the vegetation also indicates the possibility of fire outbreak that is risk for both life and property (Davila, Epstein Shelton, 2006). In response for the threat posed by the fire disasters the company in partnership with other organizations developed the innovation that respond to the fire disasters. In order to detect the fire early enough the technology is fitted with smoke sniffers that sense the smokes within the area where the technology is installed. This allows the devices to send signals to other devices through wireless networks that are used to monitor the origin of smoke hence the fire monitoring system. This enables the device to send signals to the control center for quick response. Product development is another response that the company can show in the risk management strategy for the organization. The organization also develops fire detection equipments as part of its products in response. NRMA Insurance company has embark on fire detection system development that aim to transform the fire disaster prevention technologies. One of the response boundaries for the organization is the production of these systems that it sells to various disaster management organizations for prevention and monitoring of bushfire (Moore Reid, 2008). Project options analysis The project can follow many projects options that can include benefit realization model, earned value approaches and risk management. Firstly, benefit realization options of the project considers the benefits that result from the project. The Fire Blanket project is connected to many benefits that cut across individual level to society level. Benefit realization model focus on the benefit of the project that includes the company diversifies its portfolios, clients has minimal risk and the society benefit from reduced fire risks. Under this option both the industry and the government should invest in the project since the project have many benefits to the society (Keating, Quazi, Kriz Coltman, 2008). Secondly, risk management model exploits the insurance perspective of the company since seeks to minimal risk associated by bushfire and firestorms in general throughout Australia. Insurance industry is based various risk that clients insure their property against. NRMA Insurance is also an organization that offers insurance policy against fire that can also result from bushfires. The project is geared towards minimising or managing fire risk for those clients residing near bush or forests. The risk management option also should attract many insurance companies that need to invest in the innovation that reduce or mange the firestorm risks. Property investors are also player since the innovation seeks to reduce the risk associated with fire destroying their properties (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). Thirdly, another project option is product-based project that tends to deduce products from the project. Fire Blanket is project product that can also be used for commercialization as the NRMA Insurance organization seeks to transform disaster detection industries. Despite the project having wider scope and operative nature, production of fire detection systems stands as one of the future business brands in Australian. In this sense the company has future option of investing in production of these systems for commercial purposes (Hamilton, 2004). Fourthly, portfolio management option is another project option that advances the opportunity for the organization to treat the project as portfolio for the organization. Though the NRMA Insurance has more focus on insurance as its primary dealings, the portfolio option exploit the degree that the organization can introduce fire detection innovation as one of its portfolios. This is also advantageous for the organization as it provide opportunity for the company to expand its brands through provision of fire detection technologies (Walsh, Hershauer, Tommelein Walsh, 2014). Delivery of the recommended solution NRMA Insurance has wider opportunity to develop and commercialize the Fire Blanket system. The organization needs to work on the commercial production of the fire detection, prevention and monitoring system as some of its products. The NRMA Insurance together with other partners that took part in the development of the systems are opening opportunity for investors that can take part in the commercial production of the devices. Secondly, in order to deliver the solution effectively the organization need to incorporate the government of Australia since most of the bushfires normally destroy forest that are under government protection and are therefore major stakeholders in the project. This should also attract the attention of the government funding n partnership as the innovation is most likely to benefit the society in general from firestorms. Thirdly, the NRMA Insurance should also invite other investors that are also interested in the development and production of these systems. Th is will help pool the resources that are needed for the commercialization of the whole project (Hatemi El-Khatib, 2014). Conclusion In conclusion, NRMA Insurance has proved the implementation of innovative ideas in business setting especially in solving life threatening disasters. Bushfire has been life threatening phenomena that have attracted high concern which prompted the development of prevention and detection idea. NRMA Insurance in partnership with MC Saatchi Group and CSIRO Data61 develop Fire Blanket systems that monitor, detect and prevent bush fire outbreaks. The project that took over two years to develop has proved the commercial capability if much effort are made in the production of these systems. Reference 50Lessons (Producer), (2009a), Creating infrastructure to measure celebrate corporate responsibility, with Truett Tate [Video file]. Stroud, England: The Corporate Learning Consortium. Davila, T., Epstein, M. J., Shelton, R. (2006), Making Innovation Work: How to Manage It, Measure It, and Profit from It. Upper Saddle River: Wharton School Publishing. EPMC, Inc.; Michael, J. S. et al (2009), Project Portfolio Management: A View from the Management Trenches. Wiley. Euan, F. (2016), Report of the Special Inquiry into the January 2016 Waroona Fire ("Reframing Rural Fire Management"), Government of Western Australia, Volume 1: Report, 29 April 2016. Hamilton, A. (2004), Handbook of Project Management Procedures. TTL Publishing, Ltd. Hatemi-J, A. El-Khatib, Y. (2014), Portfolio selection: An alternative approach. Economics Letters, 135: 141143. Hill, W.L., Gareth, R. J. (2012), Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, Cengage Learning, 10th edition 2012 Keating, B; Quazi, A; Kriz, A; Coltman, T. (2008), In pursuit of a sustainable supply chain: insights from Westpac Banking Corporation, Supply Chain Management: an International Journal, 13 (3): 17579 McNeil, A.J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015),Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton University Press. Moore, K, Reid, S, (2008), The Birth of the Brand: 4000 years of Branding, Business History, Vol. 50, pp 419-32. Olano, G. (06 Dec 2016), NRMA Insurance to cooperate in development of bushfire detection technology: Insurance Business Australia. Accessible at: https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/au/news/breaking-news/nrma-insurance-to-cooperate-in-development-of-bushfire-detection-technology-58298.aspx Mulcaster, W.R. (2009), Three Strategic Frameworks, Business Strategy Series, Vol 10, No 1, pp 6875, 2009. Nag, R.; Hambrick, D. C.; Chen, M.-J (2007), What is strategic management, really? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field (PDF). Strategic Management Journal. 28 (9): 935955 Norther Daily Leader, (2009), Some past bushfires in Australia, p.3, 10 February 2009. Bushfire threat eases in NSW. The Sydney Morning Herald. Tuomi, I. (2002), Networks of Innovation. Oxford University Press. Networks of Innovation Walsh, KD, Hershauer, JC, Tommelein, ID, Walsh, T A, (2014), Strategic Positioning of Inventory to Match Demand in A Capital Projects Supply Chain, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Nov-Dec, p 818

Marxism and Communism Christian Communism Essay Example

Marxism and Communism Christian Communism Essay Communism is a social structure in which classes are abolished and property is commonly controlled, as well as a political philosophy and social movement that advocates and aims to create such a society. Karl Marx, the father of communist thought, posited that communism would be the final stage in society, which would be achieved through a proletarian revolution and only possible after a socialist stage develops the productive forces, leading to a superabundance of goods and services. Pure communism in the Marxian sense refers to a classless, stateless and oppression-free society where decisions on what to produce and what policies to pursue are made democratically, allowing every member of society to participate in the decision-making process in both the political and economic spheres of life. In modern usage, communism is often used to refer to the policies of the various communist states which were authoritarian governments that had ownership of all the means of production and cen trally planned economies. Most communist governments based their ideology on Marxism-Leninism.As a political ideology, communism is usually considered to be a branch of socialism; a broad group of economic and political philosophies that draw on the various political and intellectual movements with origins in the work of theorists of the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. Communism attempts to offer an alternative to the problems with the capitalist market economy and the legacy of imperialism and nationalism. History Early communism Karl Heinrich Marx saw primitive communism as the original, hunter-gatherer state of humankind from which it arose.For Marx, only after humanity was capable of producing surplus, did private property develop. In the history of Western thought, certain elements of the idea of a society based on common ownership of property can be traced back to ancient times . Examples include the Spartacus slave revolt in Rome. The fifth century Mazdak mov ement in what is now Iran has been described as communistic for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, criticizing the institution of private property and for striving for an egalitarian society.At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, generally under the inspiration of Scripture. In the medieval Christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and other property (see religious communism and Christian communism). These groups often believed that concern with private property was a distraction from religious service to God and neighbor. Communist thought has also been traced back to the work of 16th century English writer Thomas More.In his treatise Utopia (1516), More portrayed a society based on common ownership of property, whose rulers administered it through the application of reason. In the 17th century, communist thought arguably surfaced again in England. In 17th centu ry England, a Puritan religious group known as the Diggers advocated the abolition of private ownership of land. Eduard Bernstein, in his 1895 Cromwell and Communism argued that several groupings in the English Civil War, especially the Diggers espoused clear communistic, agrarian ideals, and that Oliver Cromwells attitude to these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile.Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Later, following the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine. Francois Noel Babeuf, in particular, espoused the goals of common ownership of land and total economic and political equality among citizens. Various social reformers in the early 19th century founded communities based on common ownership.But unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the religious emphasis with a rational and philanthrop ic basis. Notable among them were Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony in Indiana (1825), and Charles Fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the United States such as Brook Farm (1841–47). Later in the 19th century, Karl Marx described these social reformers as utopian socialists to contrast them with his program of scientific socialism (a term coined by Friedrich Engels).Other writers described by Marx as utopian socialists included Saint-Simon. In its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement of 19th century Europe. [citation needed] As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the proletariat — a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were the German philosopher Karl Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels.In 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. Engels, who lived in Manchester, observed the organization of the Chartist movement (see History of British socialism), while Marx departed from his university comrades to meet the proletariat in France and Germany. Growth of modern communism In the late 19th century, Russian Marxism developed a distinct character. The first major figure of Russian Marxism was Georgi Plekhanov.Underlying the work of Plekhanov was the assumption that Russia, less urbanized and industrialized than Western Europe, had many years to go before society would be ready for proletarian revolution to occur, and a transitional period of a bourgeois democratic regime would be required to replace Tsarism with a socialist and later communist society. In Russia, the 1917 October Revolution was the first time any party with an avowedly Marxist orientation, in this case the Bolshevik Party, seized state power. The assumption of state power by the Bolsheviks generated a great deal of practic al and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement.Marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development. Russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. Marx had explicitly stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeoisie capitalism. Other socialists also believed that a Russian revolution could be the precursor of workers revolutions in the West. The moderate Mensheviks opposed Lenins Bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed.The Bolsheviks successful rise to power was based upon the slogans peace, bread, and land and All power to the Soviets, slogans which tapped the massive public desire for an end to Russian involvement in the First World War, the peasants demand for land reform, and popular support for the Soviets. The usage of the terms communism and socialism shifted after 1917, when the Bolsheviks changed their name to the Communist Party and installed a single party regime devoted to the implementation of socialist policies under Leninism. The Second International had dissolved in 1916 over national ivisions, as the separate national parties that composed it did not maintain a unified front against the war, instead generally supporting their respective nations role. Lenin thus created the Third International (Comintern) in 1919 and sent the Twenty-one Conditions, which included democratic centralism, to all European socialist parties willing to adhere. In France, for example, the majority of the French Section of the Workers International (SFIO) party split in 1921 to form the French Section of the Communist International (SFIC).Henceforth, the term Communism was applied to the objective of the parties founded under the umbrella of the Comintern. Their program called for the uniting of workers of the world for revolution, whi ch would be followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat as well as the development of a socialist economy. Ultimately, if their program held, there would develop a harmonious classless society, with the withering away of the state.A map of countries who declared themselves to be socialist states under the Marxist-Leninist or Maoist definition (in other words, communist states) in 1980. The map also includes Communist alignment: either to the Soviet Union, China or independent During the Russian Civil War (1918–1922), the Bolsheviks nationalized all productive property and imposed a policy of war communism, which put factories and railroads under strict government control, collected and rationed food, and introduced some bourgeois management of industry.After three years of war and the 1921 Kronstadt rebellion, Lenin declared the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921, which was to give a limited place for a limited time to capitalism. The NEP lasted until 1 928, when Joseph Stalin achieved party leadership, and the introduction of the first Five Year Plan spelled the end of it. Following the Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks formed in 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or Soviet Union, from the former Russian Empire.Following Lenins democratic centralism, the Communist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base; they were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to party discipline. After World War II, Communists consolidated power in Eastern Europe, and in 1949, the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Mao Zedong established the Peoples Republic of China, which would later follow its own ideological path ofCommunist development. Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Angola, and Mozambique were among the other countries in the Third World that adopted or imposed a pro-Communist government at some point. Although never formally unified as a single political entity, by the early 1980s almost one-third of the worlds population lived in Communist states, including the former Soviet Union and Peoples Republic of China. By comparison, the British Empire had ruled up to one-quarter of the worlds population at its greatest extent.Communist states such as the Soviet Union and China succeeded in becoming industrial and technological powers, challenging the capitalists powers in the arms race and space race and military conflicts. Cold War years USSR postage stamp depicting the communist state launching the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1. By virtue of the Soviet Unions victory in the Second World War in 1945, the Soviet Army had occupied nations in both Eastern Europe and East Asia; as a result, communism as a movement spread to many new countries.This expansion of communism both in Europe and Asia gave rise to a few different branches of its own, such as Maoism. Communism h ad been vastly strengthened by the winning of many new nations into the sphere of Soviet influence and strength in Eastern Europe. Governments modeled on Soviet Communism took power with Soviet assistance in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Hungary and Romania. A Communist government was also created under Marshal Tito in Yugoslavia, but Titos independent policies led to the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform, which had replaced the Comintern.Titoism, a new branch in the world communist movement, was labeled deviationist. Albania also became an independent Communist nation after World War II. By 1950, the Chinese Communists held all of Mainland China, thus controlling the most populous nation in the world. Other areas where rising Communist strength provoked dissension and in some cases led to actual fighting through conventional and guerrilla warfare include the Korean War, Laos, many nations of the Middle East and Africa, and notably succeeded in the case of the Vietnam War against the military power of the United States and its allies.With varying degrees of success, Communists attempted to unite with nationalist and socialist forces against what they saw as Western imperialism in these poor countries. Fear of communism A 1947 propaganda book published by the Catechetical Guild Educational Society warning of the dangers of a Communist takeover. With the exception of the Soviet Unions, Chinas and the Italian resistance movements great contribution in World War II, communism was seen as a rival, and a threat to western democracies and capitalism for most of the twentieth century.This rivalry peaked during the Cold War, as the worlds two remaining superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, polarized most of the world into two camps of nations (characterized in the West as The Free World vs. Behind the Iron Curtain); supported the spread of their economic and political systems (capitalism and democracy vs. communism); strengthen ed their military power, developed new weapon systems and stockpiled nuclear weapons; competed with each other in space exploration; and even fought each other through proxy client nations.Near the beginning of the Cold War, on February 9, 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy from Wisconsin accused 205 Americans working in the State Department of being card-carrying Communists. The fear of communism in the U. S. spurred aggressive investigations and the red-baiting, blacklisting, jailing and deportation of people suspected of following Communist or other left-wing ideology. Many famous actors and writers were put on a blacklist from 1950 to 1954, which meant they would not be hired and would be subject to public disdain. After the collapse of the Soviet UnionA map of countries who declare themselves to be socialist states under the Marxist-Leninist or Maoist definition (in other words, communist states) today. The map also includes Communist alignment: either to China or independent In 198 5, Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union and relaxed central control, in accordance with reform policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). The Soviet Union did not intervene as Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary all abandoned Communist rule by 1990.In 1991, the Soviet Union itself dissolved. By the beginning of the 21st century, states controlled by Communist parties under a single-party system include the Peoples Republic of China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and informally North Korea. Communist parties, or their descendant parties, remain politically important in many countries. President Dimitris Christofias of Cyprus is a member of the Progressive Party of Working People, but the country is not run under single-party rule. In South Africa, the Communist Party is a partner in the ANC-led government.In India, communists lead the governments of three states, with a combined population of more than 115 million. In Nepal , communists hold a majority in the parliament. The Peoples Republic of China has reassessed many aspects of the Maoist legacy; and the Peoples Republic of China, Laos, Vietnam, and, to a far lesser degree, Cuba have reduced state control of the economy in order to stimulate growth. The Peoples Republic of China runs Special Economic Zones dedicated to market-oriented enterprise, free from central government control.Several other communist states have also attempted to implement market-based reforms, including Vietnam. Theories within Marxism as to why communism in Eastern Europe was not achieved after socialist revolutions pointed to such elements as the pressure of external capitalist states, the relative backwardness of the societies in which the revolutions occurred, and the emergence of a bureaucratic stratum or class that arrested or diverted the transition press in its own interests. Scott and Marshall, 2005) Marxist critics of the Soviet Union, most notably Trotsky, referred to the Soviet system, along with other Communist states, as degenerated or deformed workers states, arguing that the Soviet system fell far short of Marxs communist ideal and he claimed the working class was politically dispossessed. The ruling stratum of the Soviet Union was held to be a bureaucratic caste, but not a new ruling class, despite their political control.Anarchists who adhere to Participatory economics claim that the Soviet Union became dominated by powerful intellectual elites who in a capitalist system crown the proletariat’s labor on behalf of the bourgeoisie. Non-Marxists, in contrast, have often applied the term to any society ruled by a Communist Party and to any party aspiring to create a society similar to such existing nation-states. In the social sciences, societies ruled by Communist Parties are distinct for their single party control and their socialist economic bases.While some social and political scientists applied the concept of totalitarianism t o these societies, others identified possibilities for independent political activity within them, and stressed their continued evolution up to the point of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Today, Marxist revolutionaries are conducting armed insurgencies in India, Philippines, Peru, Bangladesh, Iran, Turkey, and Colombia. Marxist schools of communismSelf-identified communists hold a variety of views, including Marxism-Leninism, Trotskyism, council communism, Luxemburgism, anarchist communism, Christian communism, and various currents of left communism. However, the offshoots of the Marxist-Leninist interpretations of Marxism are the most well-known of these and have been a driving force in international relations during most of the 20th century. Marxism Like other socialists, Marx and Engels sought an end to capitalism and the systems which they perceived to be responsible for the exploitation of workers.But whereas earlier socialists often favored longer-term social reform, Marx and Engels believed that popular revolution was all but inevitable, and the only path to the socialist state. According to the Marxist argument for communism, the main characteristic of human life in class society is alienation; and communism is desirable because it entails the full realization of human freedom. Marx here follows Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in conceiving freedom not merely as an absence of restraints but as action with content.According to Marx, Communisms outlook on freedom was based on an agent, obstacle, and goal. The agent is the common/working people; the obstacles are class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life-chances, and false consciousness; and the goal is the fulfillment of human needs including satisfying work, and fair share of the product. They believed that communism allowed people to do what they want, but also put humans in such conditions and such relations with one another that they would not wish to exploit, or have any need to.Whereas for Hegel the unfolding of this ethical life in history is mainly driven by the realm of ideas, for Marx, communism emerged from material forces, particularly the development of the means of production. Marxism holds that a process of class conflict and revolutionary struggle will result in victory for the proletariat and the establishment of a communist society in which private ownership is abolished over time and the means of production and subsistence belong to the community.Marx himself wrote little about life under communism, giving only the most general indication as to what constituted a communist society. It is clear that it entails abundance in which there is little limit to the projects that humans may undertake. [citation needed] In the popular slogan that was adopted by the communist movement, communism was a world in which each gave according to their abilities, and received according to their nee ds.The German Ideology (1845) was one of Marxs few writings to elaborate on the communist future: In communist society, where nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticise after dinner, just as I have a mind, without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic. Marxs lasting vision was to add this vision to a theory of how society was moving in a law-governed way toward communism, and, with some tension, a political theory that explained why revolutionary activity was required to bring it about. In the late 19th century, the terms socialism and communism were often used interchangeably. However, Marx and Engels argued that communism would not emerge from capitalism in a fully developed state, but would pass through a fi rst phase in which most productive property was owned in common, but with some class differences remaining.The first phase would eventually evolve into a higher phase in which class differences were eliminated, and a state was no longer needed. Lenin frequently used the term socialism to refer to Marx and Engels supposed first phase of communism and used the term communism interchangeably with Marx and Engels higher phase of communism. [citation needed]These later aspects, particularly as developed by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, provided the underpinning for the mobilizing features of 20th century Communist parties. Marxism-LeninismMarxism-Leninism is a version of socialism adopted by the Soviet Union and most Communist Parties across the world today. It shaped the Soviet Union and influenced Communist Parties worldwide. It was heralded as a possibility of building communism via a massive program of industrialization and collectivization. Historically, under the ideology of Marxism-Lenin ism the rapid development of industry, and above all the victory of the Soviet Union in the Second World War occurred alongside a third of the world being lead by Marxist-Leninist inspired parties.Despite the fall of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries, many communist Parties of the world today still lay claim to uphold the Marxist-Leninist banner. Marxism-Leninism expands on Marxists thoughts by bringing the theories to what Lenin and other Communists considered, the age of capitalist imperialism, and a renewed focus on party building, the development of a socialist state, and democratic centralism as an organizational principle. Lenin adapted Marx’s urban revolution to Russia’s agricultural conditions, sparking the â€Å"revolutionary nationalism of the poor†.The pamphlet What is to be Done? (1902), proposed that the (urban) proletariat can successfully achieve revolutionary consciousness only under the leadership of a vanguard party of professional re volutionaries — who can achieve aims only with internal democratic centralism in the party; tactical and ideological policy decisions are agreed via democracy, and every member must support and promote the agreed party policy. The Bolshevik government was hostile to nationalism, especially to Russian nationalism, the â€Å"Great Russian chauvinism†, as an obstacle to establishing the proletarian dictatorship.The revolutionary elements of Leninism — the disciplined vanguard party, a dictatorship of the proletariat, and class war. Stalinism Stalinism refers to the political system of the Soviet Union, and the countries within the Soviet sphere of influence, during the leadership of Joseph Stalin. The term usually defines the style of a government rather than an ideology. The ideology was Marxism-Leninism theory, reflecting that Stalin himself was not a theoretician, in contrast to Marx and Lenin, and prided himself on maintaining the legacy of Lenin as a founding father for the Soviet Union and the future Socialist world.Stalinism is an interpretation of their ideas, and a certain political regime claiming to apply those ideas in ways fitting the changing needs of society, as with the transition from socialism at a snails pace in the mid-twenties to the rapid industrialization of the Five-Year Plans. The main contributions of Stalin to communist theory The groundwork for the Soviet policy concerning nationalities, laid in Stalins 1913 work Marxism and the National Question, praised by Lenin. Socialism in One Country,The theory of aggravation of the class struggle along with the development of socialism, a theoretical base supporting the repression of political opponents as necessary. Maoism Maoism is the Marxist-Leninist trend of Communism associated with Mao Zedong and was mostly practiced within the Peoples Republic of China. Khrushchevs reforms heightened ideological differences between the Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union, which became increasingly apparent in the 1960s.As the Sino-Soviet Split in the international Communist movement turned toward open hostility, China portrayed itself as a leader of the underdeveloped world against the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. Parties and groups that supported the Communist Party of China (CPC) in their criticism against the new Soviet leadership proclaimed themselves as anti-revisionist and denounced the CPSU and the parties aligned with it as revisionist capitalist-roaders. The Sino-Soviet Split resulted in divisions amongst communist parties around the world. Notably, the Party of Labour of Albania sided with the Peoples Republic of China. Effectively, the CPC under Maos leadership became the rallying forces of a parallel international Communist tendency. The ideology of CPC, Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought (generally referred to as Maoism), was adopted by many of these groups. After Maos death and his replacement by Deng Xiaopi ng, the international Maoist movement diverged.One sector accepted the new leadership in China; a second renounced the new leadership and reaffirmed their commitment to Maos legacy; and a third renounced Maoism altogether and aligned with Albania. Non-Marxist schools The dominant forms of communism, such as Leninism, Trotskyism and Maoism, are based on Marxism, but non-Marxist versions of communism (such as Christian communism and anarchist communism) also exist and are growing in importance since the fall of the Soviet Union. Anarcho-communism Some of Marxs contemporaries espoused similar ideas, but differed in their views of how to reach to a classless society.Following the split between those associated with Marx and Mikhail Bakunin at the First International, the anarchists formed the International Workers Association. Anarchists argued that capitalism and the state were inseparable and that one could not be abolished without the other. Anarchist-communists such as Peter Kropotk in theorized an immediate transition to one society with no classes. Anarcho-syndicalism became one of the dominant forms of anarchist organization, arguing that labor unions, as opposed to Communist parties, are the organizations that can change society.Consequently, many anarchists have been in opposition to Marxist communism to this day. Anarchist communists propose that the freest form of social organisation would be a society composed of self-governing communes with collective use of the means of production, organized by direct democracy, and related to other communes through federation. However, some anarchist communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and favor consensus democracy.Christian communism Christian communism is a form of religious communism centered on Christianity. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of Jesus Christ urge Christians to support communism as the ideal social system. Christian communists trace the origins of their practice to teachings in the New Testament, such as this one from Acts of the Apostles at chapter 2 and verses 42, 44, and 45: 42 And they continued steadfastly in the apostles doctrine and in fellowship [ 44 And all that believed were together, and had all things in common; 45 And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. (King James Version) Christian communism can be seen as a radical form of Christian socialism. Also, due to the fact that many Christian communists have formed independent stateless communes in the past, there is also a link between Christian communism and Christian anarchism. Christian communists may or may not agree with various parts of Marxism.Christian communists also share some of the political goals of Marxists, for example replacing capitalism with socialism, which should in turn be followed by communism at a later point in the future. Howev er, Christian communists sometimes disagree with Marxists (and particularly with Leninists) on the way a socialist or communist society should be organized. Criticism Part of this criticism is on the policies adopted by one-party states ruled by Communist parties (known as Communist states). Critics are specially focused on their economic performance compared to market based economies.Their human rights records are thought to be responsible for the flight of refugees from communist states, and are alleged by some scholars to be responsible for famines, purges and warfare resulting in deaths far in excess of previous empires, capitalist or Axis regimes. Some writers, such as Courtois, argue that the actions of Communist states were the inevitable (though sometimes unintentional) result of Marxist principles;thus, these authors present the events occurring in those countries, particularly under Stalin and Mao, as an argument against Marxism itself.Some critics were former Marxists, su ch as Wittfogel, who applied Marxs concept of Oriental despotism to Communist states such as the Soviet Union, Silone, Wright and Koestler (among other writers) who contributed essays to the book The God that Failed (the title refers not to the Christian God but to Marxism). Czeslaw Milosz, author of the influential essay The Captive Mind, was an example of a sceptic holding a party post, that of cultural attache. There have also been more direct criticisms of Marxism, such as criticisms of the labor theory of value or Marxs predictions.Nevertheless, Communist parties outside of the Warsaw Pact, such as the Communist parties in Western Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa, differed greatly. Economic criticisms of communal and/or government property are described under criticisms of socialism. Conclusion While the turn of the nineteenth century ushered in a wave of socialist ideology that gained much momentum in the art, culture, and politics of Latin America, with the new millenn ium came a waning tide for socialist deals and movements. The twentieth century witnessed varieties of communist movements in Latin America, including international Marxists, Fidelistas, guerrilla insurgents, and communist parties participating in the political process. Although democracy seems to have outlasted the alternatives, the book is not closed on the future of the partially consolidated and still transitioning democratic regimes of the region.With continued economic and political instability and an exceptionally large income gap, Latin America might be ripe for renewed Marxist appeals, as it was in the late nineteenth century. Although guerrilla insurgents and socialist parties remain and leftist coalitions may be securing power in states such as El Salvador, the future may likely see a rise in new forms of statism and authoritarianism, but a return to the failed model of Marxist-Leninism or even a resurgence of strong Marxist movements is unlikely.

Understanding Mental Health Problems Essays

Understanding Mental Health Problems Essays Understanding Mental Health Problems Paper Understanding Mental Health Problems Paper 1. 1 The nature of mental wellbeing and mental health is perceived in many different ways in turn causing conflict. Peoples views on the origin of mental health and the reasoning towards the conditioning of the illness creates many negative but yet also positive views. Negativity towards mental health is largely part of a lack of understanding and education towards the condition. It is believed that this may be due to the fact that mental illness is not a condition that an individual can see with the naked eye. It is a hidden condition and for some people, is hard to comprehend. Unfortunately, in some cases, there is an unnecessary stigma attached to individuals with mental health issues. However, these negative views do not help the suffering individual to deal with, recover, or grasp their own issues. Pessimistic views towards mental health can in some ways be perceived as discrimination. This in turn can have a negative effect on their recovery or management of their condition making the usual hurdles of life difficult to overcome. For example; difficulty with finding work,  relationship issues, managing day to day life and social inclusion is only naming a few. Offering help and support to sufferers of mental health issues can be the key to their recovery and/or management. Negativity towards the condition can more often than not cause an individual to succumb to the illness. On the flip side, the majority of individuals approach mental health positively and it is perceived by most with understanding and comprehension. Undertaking positive mental health strategies by the suffering individual can have a huge effect on the management of their illness. But also having positive individuals surrounding them and understanding their issues can produce an even bigger response in their recovery. Offering that support no matter how little can assist an individual in their own positive thinking and their journey to mange any hurdles to may have to cross. 1. 2 It is reported that 1 in 4 people suffer with some form of mental illness within the UK. The definition of the exact cause of mental illness is unknown. However, due to extensive research undertaken in this area, it largely became apparent that 1  Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 biological, social, and psychological factors contribute to an individual’s mental wellbeing and mental health problems. In order to identify with the illness, knowledge of the causes of such is of importance. Biological factors Neurotransmitters are chemicals within the body that convey messages from one brain cell to another. In definition; they assist the nerve cells within the brain to communicate with each other. A dysfunction or lack of communication with the brains nerve cells may cause abnormal functioning with in the brain. This means that it may not work in the way in which it is designed to. The consequences of this can therefore origin symptoms of mental illness. Mental illness can in some cases also be hereditary. It is believed that this is due to a defect in the genes passed through family generations. It is not just one gene that defines mental illness; it would concern a combination of genes. However, it must be noted that in the case of these genes having been passed down, it does not mean that the individual with develop the illness. This could be triggered by a range of  factors for example; the way in which the genes combine and react and factors concerning biological, social, and psychological interactions. These are not the only biological factors that may influence mental health; defect to the brain, injury, pre natal damage, substance abuse, poor nutrition and infection may all have effect in the development of mental illness. Social factors Social factors can play a large part in the development of mental illness. This includes reasoning such as educational levels, social interactions, work pressures,  the communities in which the individual lives, their emotional support, relationships, their upbringing and even poverty. It is believed that this could be due to the level of the individual’s comprehension of circumstance. Social factors can present individuals with a level of vulnerability with regards to mental health issues. Psychological factors 2 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 Psychology relates to the mind and emotions and includes concern to the emotional wellbeing of an individual. The emotional state of an individual can, in some cases,  cause imbalance and trigger the causes of mental health issues. Factors of which may include; psychological trauma, the loss of a loved one, neglect, and the ability to relate. Most of which is believed to have effect on mental health when occurrence happens at a young age. 1. 3 As with all illness and general day to day life issues, mental health and wellness comes with each individual having varied levels of resilience. There are many types of risk factors and protective factors that can influence this level of resilience. This can affect the individual’s tendency to manage. Understanding each individual’s barriers can be a way forward in the assistance to overcome their issues. Risk factors increase the probability of issues occurring; they can create vulnerability in an individual and can heed their management and/or recovery. Risk factors can also worsen their mental wellbeing or mental health issues. Such factors can arise in many forms and can be biological or psychological. Influences of such factors may arise from parental control, relationships, working environments or school environments, outside influences such as media, and the community in which they  live. Feelings of inequality, discrimination and seclusion can all cause jeopardy in the recovery and management of mental health and wellbeing. Protective factors are characteristics in an individual that help them to deal with things in a more effective manner therefore eliminating occurrences creating factors of risk. Protective factors can be described as a safeguard of stress and can be drawn up in such situations. Individuals of inclusion, value, and support from their surrounding family, piers, and friends, are more empowered with the ability to  protect. This then connects with the importance of understanding mental wellness and mental illness. Assisting a suffering individual with the feeling of empowerment and assisting them to build up their protective factors will in turn help them on their road to recovery. 2. 1 3 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 There are various steps an individual can take to look after themselves and promote personal mental health and wellbeing. Steps researched and developed by the New Economics Foundation include; human connection, to be active, to take notice, to learn, and to give. There are wide views and extensive research available to collaborate with their findings which suggest that human interaction, in any form, may it be speaking to someone new, listening when people speak to you no matter of interest, listening to someone’s thoughts and feelings or even just giving a colleague a lift to work can divert and promote a person’s mood. This can in turn act as a stepping stone and assist as a protective factor in an individual suffering with mental health issues. Also, being active has been proven on many occasions to  lower rates of depression and anxiety which is in some cases a leading factor of mental health issues. Learning new things can promote pride and improve self esteem and self worth. Not only this but learning can be undertaken in activities therefore promoting social engagements. These are only a few examples further information can be found at www. mind. org. uk. 2. 2 Help and support from influences surrounding an individual with mental health issues can help them to aim positively and actively boost determination. Assistance in this way has proven to provide confidence in supporting personal mental wellbeing and  mental health. There are many ways in which you can help no matter the significance; the small things make the biggest differences. For example; show interest in the individual, listen to what they have to say and engage in conversation. Find out what theirs likes are, their strengths and weaknesses. Talk about their whole life, their family, their hobbies, places they like to go. Don’t just focus on the illness; the illness is not the person. Be alert and look out for signs of distress, ask them how they feel. Promote and undertake activities, or just offer help with small jobs. These  are only to name a few. Knowing that people care, knowing that people are looking through the illness and getting to know the real person can offer great support and promote self confidence. It is all about helping others to help themselves. 2. 3 Self help skills, to an individual with mental health issues, are the key to living an actively manageable lifestyle. The aim of encourage mental wellbeing and mental 4 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 health is to promote growth in the individual whilst aiming towards recovery and wellness. Developing a strategy to follow presents you with the tools needed to strive  forward and overcome any hurdles that may need to be crossed along the way. To elaborate on the meanings of this, WRAP will be used as example. WRAP is a wellness recovery plan developed by individuals with mental health and other various health issues. The way in which this was done was by identifying on a personal level what makes them feel ‘well’. This is then used as a wellness tool. The objective is to promote wellbeing, relieve symptoms and provide an individual with the means to overcome. Tools such as talking to a friend, focus exercises, sleeping,  writing, listening to music, looking through old pictures, making a list of accomplishments, and doing something for someone else, are amongst the list of the most commonly used tools. Having the tools there to assist with avoidance regarding triggers of mental issues is also a supporting factor. Having these tools to hand in a binder or in a box organised in a personal way to each individual is a key element to their success. Having a wellness tool box is not the only element to the success of mental health and wellbeing. Others include; a daily maintenance plan, identifying  triggers, action planning, identifying early warning signs and crisis planning. Having someone there to help create this action plan focusing on the points developed by WRAP gives encouragement and supports them to promote the health and wellbeing in a positive and manageable way. If you would like more information this can be found at www. mentalhealthrecovery. com/wrap 2. 4 Describe key aspects of local, national or international strategy to promote mental wellbeing and mental health within a group or community. 2. 5 Evaluate a local, national or international strategy to promote mental wellbeing and  mental health within a group or community. References who. int/mental_health/en/ webmd. com/anxiety-panic/mental-health-causes-mental-illness 5 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 apa. org/monitor/2012/06/roots. aspx mayoclinic. org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/basics/causes/con- 20033813 who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/ http://healthtalkonline. org/peoples-experiences/mental-health/mental-health-ethnic- minority-carers-experiences/negative-attitudes-mental-health-problems mentalhealth. org. uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/S/stigma- discrimination/ foundationforpositivementalhealth. com/ http://knowledgex. camh. net/policy_health/mhpromotion/mhp_older_adults/Pages/ho w_mhp_different. aspx mind. org. uk/for-business/mental-health-at-work/taking-care-of- yourself/five-ways-to-wellbeing/ nhsconfed. org/Publications/Documents/Five_Ways_to_Wellbeing040711. pdf devonhealthandwellbeing. org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Devon- Mental-Health-Promotion-Strategy-2010-2013. pdf mentalhealthrecovery. com/wrap/ mentalhealthrecovery. com/wrap/ 6 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 View as multi-pages TOPICS IN THIS DOCUMENT Epidemiology, Mental disorder, Mental health, Psychiatry, Psychology, Self-help groups for mental health RELATED DOCUMENTS mental health ? Practice outcome 1. Use basic mental health skills to reduce the distress associated with mental health problems an help promote recovery Objectives; Recognise signs of distress Communicate in a sensitive, non – judgemental person centred manner Facilitate engagement with appropriate service and or support Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder. It is 1873 Words | 4 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Health ? This essay will demonstrate the relationships between mental health and social problems from both the social and medical point of view. Generally speaking mental illness is defined as, the psychological or mental state of an individual, who is functioning at a stable level in terms of behaviours and emotions. However the definition and ideology of mental health differs depending on which 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT CT261 Understand Mental Health problems ? CU261P/CT261 Understand Mental Health problems 1. 1. 1 The main types of mental ill health according to the psychiatric (DSM/ICD) classification system are as follows; Adjustment Disorder- A significantly more difficult adjustment to a life situation than would normally be expected considering the circumstances. For example; Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety and Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT mental health problem   Comparison of Mental Health Problems between Undergraduate Students and Graduate Students Xinghang Lu University of Denver Last month, a girl who was only 20 committed suicide in my previous university in China. This girl used to live next to my dorm, and it was hard to believe such sad news happened around you. The reason why she committed suicide is that she had mental health 1873 Words | 7 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Health ? Mental Health Mental health is a person’s psychological and emotional well-being. What kind of mental health I there? Anxiety Depression Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia Hallucinations Neurotic Psychotic Mental health break down Alzheimer’s Why is it important to recognise and value an individual with mental Health problems? You must talk 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Disorder and Mental Health Problems Unit CMH 302 Understand mental health problems Unit aim This unit aims to provide the learner with knowledge of the main forms of mental health problems according to the psychiatric classification system. Learners also consider the strengths and limitations of this model and look at alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. The focus of the unit is on 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT mental health act The Mental Health Act The mental health act is an act design to protect people with mental illness. It was originally written in 1983 and reformed in 2007. It sets out clear guidance for a health professional when a person may need to be taken into compulsorily detained in a hospital. This is known as sectioning. This helps carers who are unable to cope without help. People can be sectioned if the 1873 Words | 14 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Health CITIZENS FOR MENTAL HEALTH BACKGROUNDER Mental Health SCOPE OF THE ISSUE Our mental health is affected by many factors including where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income and education level, and our relationships with friends and family. Positive mental health is a cornerstone of our overall well-being. Mentally healthy people are able to cope with 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT CITE THIS DOCUMENT APA (2014, 12). Understanding Mental Health Problems. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 12, 2014, from studymode. com/essays/Understanding-Mental-Health-Problems-66353152. html MLA MLA 7 CHICAGO

The Yellow Pages Scam Keeps on Taking

The Yellow Pages Scam Keeps on Taking While the so-called â€Å"yellow pages† scam comes and goes, a new group of Canada-based telemarketers is now attacking U.S. small businesses, nonprofits, churches and even local governments, according to complaints filed by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). How the Scam Works The â€Å"yellow pages† scam calls sound so innocent: Somebody calls your organization saying they simply need to confirm your contact information for a business directory. What could possibly go wrong? They never asked for money, right? Whether they mention money are not, you are soon sent an invoice demanding you pay hundreds of dollars for your new listing in an online â€Å"yellow pages† directory – not at all something you ever asked for or wanted. If you don’t pay, the scammers will often play you recordings – sometimes doctored – of the initial call to â€Å"prove† that you or your employees had approved the charges. If that doesn’t do the trick, the companies start calling you repeatedly to â€Å"remind† you of things like legal fees, interest charges and credit ratings. According to the FTC, the companies would go so far as posing as debt collection agencies, offering to stop the harassing calls in return for a fee. â€Å"In the face of threats,† said the FTC, â€Å"many people just paid.† FTC Files Charges In separate complaints, the FTC charged Montreal-based telemarketing firms; Online Local Yellow Pages; 7051620 Canada, Inc.; Your Yellow Pages, Inc.; and OnlineYellowPagesToday.com, Inc., with running â€Å"yellow pages† scams targeting businesses in the United States. How to Protect Your Business The FTC recommended four ways you can protect your business from the â€Å"yellow pages† scam: Train your staff:   Educate employees on how the scam works and how to recognize dangerous calls. Check the BBB: Always check the calling company’s reputation out for free on the Better Business Bureau’s website. Inspect your invoices: Consider implementing a purchase order review system to ensure you are only paying for services you requested. File a Complaint: If you suspect you have been contacted by a scammer or start getting bogus bills, file complaints with both the FTC at ftc.gov/complaint and with the BBB. â€Å"Businesses and other organizations should train their staff to hang up on cold calls about business directory services,† said Jessica Rich, Director of the FTC’s Bureau of Consumer Protection in a press release. â€Å"Report them to the FTC. We can pursue these cases even if the scammers hide in another country.†

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Philosophy - Essay Example Their true forms, in Plato's mind, are permanent, eternal, and nonphysical. According to Plato, because sensory objects are not completely real, the empirical realm of tangible objects is not real. As such, any beliefs people derive from their experience with these objects are unclear and undependable; however, the principles of philosophy and mathematics, both of which are discovered through inner meditation on the Forms. These principles, according to Plato, represent the only true "knowledge." After taking Plato's views and descriptions of Forms, true knowledge is an attainable trait. Additionally, Plato asserted that knowledge is composed of two essential characteristics: certainty and genuine presence. Essentially, knowledge must be infallible and certain; there can be no room for interpretation or misunderstanding. True knowledge must be fool-proof and unwavering. Additionally, knowledge's corresponding object must be genuinely real as opposed to those objects that are present in appearance only. "Because that which is fully real must, for Plato, be fixed, permanent, and unchanging, he identified the real with the ideal realm of being as opposed to the physical world of becoming" (Plato, 2007, 9). These views resulted in Plato's... t to Plato's certain view of knowledge, Plato believed that those propositions derived through sensory experience have a high degree of probability; and as such, this experience cannot be certain. Additionally, the objects in the empirical realm, such as trees, are ever-changing phenomenon; they do not remain consistent and, therefore, the experiences will not remain constant. Plato's Republic contains his distinction between two levels of human awareness. These two levels are opinion and knowledge. According to Plato, any claims brought about by a person's experience in the empirical realm with a tangible object are classified as opinions only. Regardless if these opinions are founded on a solid base or not, opinions do not merit genuine knowledge. Knowledge, considered to be the higher of the two levels of awareness, entails logic and reasoning rather than experience. Logic and reasoning, if used correctly, will lead to intellectual insights. These insights are certain and, consequently, infallible. According to Plato, the representative objects of these intellectual insights are the eternal and permanent Forms. Therefore, according to Plato, the relationship between experience and knowledge is a complicated one. Experience does not, directly, lead to knowledge or equate to knowledge because experience is fallible and unreliable. One person may experience an event differently than another. What a person experiences at one time with a tangible object may change at a later time because tangible objects remain in a state of perpetual change. Alone, experience will result in the formulation of a person's opinions regarding an object. However, if logic and reasoning is applied to a person's experience, that person can reach a true knowledge about that object, and

Racism and discrimination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Racism and discrimination - Research Paper Example Whiteness and identity issues have stood at the center of racism in Canada (Lund & Carr, 2010). Lobby groups’ advocacy against racism in Canada continues to mobilize the Canadian population against racism and discrimination. The interactions and relations among Canadians, people of color, and aboriginals cannot be described in the best words. However, the continued social, economic, and political efforts to curb racism in the country serves as a vital step towards societal unity in Canada. â€Å"Visible minority† is a common term in Canada. Colored people in Canada are referred to using the term. In fact, Canada’s legal framework also recognizes this term and further integrates it into the legal provisions relative to racism and discrimination. This comes amid persistent efforts to fight racism and discrimination in the country. Ghosh, R. (2012). Multicultural Teacher Education in Canada. In Craft, M. Teacher Education in Plural Societies: An International Review. New York: Routledge. http://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=GVMkNEH2Um8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA45 &dq=racism+in+Canada+2012&ots=SSTZjKFOzj&sig=frXz89Wk8InmiT29swSptxDxY bk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Lund, D. & Carr, P. (2010). Exposing Privilege and Racism in the Great White North: Tackling Whiteness and Identity Issues in Canadian Education. Multicultural Perspectives, Volume 12, Issue 4, 229-234. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15210960.2010.527594 Walker, B. (2008). The History of Immigration and Racism in Canada: Essential Readings. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

Review and Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Review and Critical thinking Essay Review Questions Syncopation is placing emphasis or accents on beats that are unexpected, or, alternatively. Is music that combined the music of marches with the rhythms of African music. The instruments used for ragtime are used in jazz. Cornetist who helped to create jazz music . His music had a loud piercing sound that be heard in the distance. Bebop had faster rhythms and more complex harmonies. A form of jazz that emphasized improvisation. In hot jazz multiple musicians did improvisation, In classic it was one. Critical Thinking Questions Both use improvisation at some point. A difference is that classical music try not to improvise but jazz music use it all the time. A characteristic of jazz is that it uses a of improvisation. Another characteristic is that it has influence from its african roots. What they mean by that is that jazz is Americas music, it was created in america and was given a lot attention. Even the government gave attention to it. Buddy bolden was one of the people to create jazz, not much is know about his music, but some people that heard his music have said it was a loud piercing sound that can be heard from a distance. Improvisation is creating music in the moment by responding to the other players around you. Jazz music uses improvisation almost all the time, most jazz pieces use improvisation.

Richard M. Nixon :: essays research papers

Richard M. Nixon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Milhous Nixon came from a family with a strong heritage. His father's side of the family were Methodists originally from Scotland. Then, in the early 1600s, they migrated to Ireland, and to America in the 1730s. His grandfather, George Nixon, died in the Battle of Gettysburg during the Civil war. Richard's father, Frank Nixon, was born in Ohio. His mother died when he was only 7, and he left home when he was only 14. He went from town to town doing odd jobs and eventually made his way to California where he met his future wife, Hannah.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nixon's mother's side of the family was originally from Germany. They then migrated to England around 1688, where they became Quakers. From England they migrated to Ireland, and from Ireland to America. During the civil war they were part of the underground railroad. Richard's mother, Hannah Milhous, was born in Indiana, but her family moved and she grew up in Whittier, California, where she met Frank Nixon. They fell in love at first sight, and were married four months later in June 1908. Frank converted to Quakerism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frank and Hannah's first son, Harold, was born in 1909, only a year after they were wed. In 1908, Frank bought a lemon ranch in Yorba Linda, CA, and built a small house there. Then, on January 9, 1913, Richard Milhous Nixon was born in that very house. Hannah and Frank would have three more children: Donald (born in 1914), Arthur (born in 1918), and Edward (born in 1930).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nixon family lived on the edge of poverty. The lemon ranch didn't make enough money to provide for the family of seven, so Frank started doing odd jobs (namely building houses) AND ran the lemon ranch to provide for his family. In 1922, the Nixon's moved back to Whittier, and things took a turn for the better. Frank bought a plot of land and built a gas station and a general store on it. Business was good, but it took much work to keep the store running. The whole family worked hard at the store and the children worked hard at school. But tragedy struck in 1925. Arthur died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard was always a serious child. By the age of six, he was already reading the newspaper and talking politics with his father. He was a good public speaker, and by junior high school, he was a master debater. He tried his hardest to get the best grades in school. In 1926, he entered high school. He was very busy. He did his schoolwork, he studied, he helped with the store, he

Red, White, and Black Essay

By combining they were a stronger force against the colonists. Native American Relations in the first settlements: Relations characterized by resistance to the expansion of English settlement, submission into â€Å"praying towns,† and devastation through war and disease. Many of the Massachusetts Indians sought protection from Winthrop by selling their land and surrendering their independence. Pequot War: So-called war consisting of clumsy plundering by Massachusetts troops and raids by Pequots in 1637. The colonists eventually won the alliance of rival tribes and waged a ruthless campaign. The war tipped the balance of military power to the English, opening the way to New England’s settlement. King Phillips War: War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites. Tuscaroras and Yamasees: Two opposing Indians tribes whose disunity lead both to destruction. The Tuscaroran people were defeated by the colonists with the help of the Yamasees in 1713, and the Yamasees were themselves defeated around 1715. Both tribes were scattered and soon disappeared. praying towns: Towns set up by puritan missionaries for Indian converts to spread puritan Christianity, the first of which, Natick, was founded in 1651. As the Indian population in the east waned, assimilation as â€Å"Praying Indians† became the only option besides retreating farther west. Beaver Wars: Wars that resulted from furious trading and hunting of Beaver pelts by the Dutch, the French, and the New Netherlands. The Overhunting of Beavers sent prices so high in 1742 that the Dutch armed the Iroquois and what resulted was bloody battles against Pro-French tribes. Slavery Begins: Followed the exploration of the African coast and the establishment of a slave trade Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The slave trade then moved in to America as the development of a plantation system in Virginia offered a market for slavery and the first slaves arrived there in 1619. Slavery remained small among the colonies, however because it was not yet profitable for slavery under the conditions. As trade and agriculture grew and a plantation system grew so did slavery. Barbados Code: Code adopted by Carolina in 1696 to control slaves at the will of their masters. It was often noted as an inhumane code but the society revolved around slaves, so laws like this were created in order to keep control in the society. White owners relied on force and fear to control the growing black majority in the Carolinas. Maryland Slave Code, 1661: The first actual definition by the colonies of slavery as a â€Å"lifelong, inheritable, racial status. It was issued by Maryland in 1661 in order to set up a distinct place for the slaves in the society. Out of the Maryland Slave Code of 1661 came the establishing of other slave codes that set up strict legal codes. Stono Rebellion: Slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739, in which twenty slaves robbed guns and ammunition from the Stono River Bridge along with killing civilians. Officials suppressed the rebellion and stopped any more chaos and da mage. It was a significant encounter because it caused white

Kaze Lato

In theory, point of view reveals a perspective from which the narrator tells the story. Analyzing a story’s point of view will provide us with answers to two questions ‘by whom’ and ‘how’ the story is told. By the way, we can also understand attitude of the writer towards his characters as well. In the case of ‘Babylon Revisited’, the one who tells us this story is a third-person narrator. To be more specific, he is a limited omniscient narrator.Firstly we notice that the narrator addresses the protagonist by name ‘Charlie’ or the third person ‘he’, and also does the same with other characters. This suggests that he stands somewhere beside the story, witnessing it without participating in it, and then retells us what happended- that is why the narrator is called a ‘third-person’. From the objective point of view of a third person narrator, the story appears to be more all-round and reliable. On the o ther hand, the narrator in this story is omniscient.Firstly it is because he can read mind of characters. He leads us into Charlie’s thoughts to have a look at his absolutely different life one year and a half ago and also his nostalgia of it; or to see his loss when finding the Ritz bar gloomy and quiet. â€Å"Charlie directed his taxi to the Avenue de l'Opera, which was out of his way. But he wanted to see the blue hour spread over the magnificent facade, and imagine that the cab horns, playing endlessly the first few bars of La Plus que Lent, were the trumpets of the Second Empire.They were closing the iron grill in front of Brentano's Book-store, and people were already at dinner behind the trim little bourgeois hedge of Duval's. He had never eaten at a really cheap restaurant in Paris. Five-course dinner, four francs fifty, eighteen cents, wine included. For some odd reason he wished that he had. As they rolled on to the Left Bank and he felt its sudden provincialism, h e thought, â€Å"I spoiled this city for myself. I didn't realize it, but the days came along one after another, and then two years were gone, and everything was gone, and I was gone. The narrator knows everything Charlie has in his mind. Furthermore, the narrator even knows things that Charlie is not aware of. The most important of those is the fact that Charlie left his address for Duncan Schaeffer at the beginning of the text, and forgot about it somewhere between the Ritz bar and the Peters' house. This one detail opens up the stage for Charlie's tragic loss of Honoria at the end of the story. Charlie doesn't remember this detail; he's left in confusion as to just how Duncan â€Å"ferreted out the Peters' address† while the narrator know it just because of his omniscience.In addition he is not absolutely omnicient: the narrator is limited within Charlie’s perspective. In most of the story, the author describes the surrounding environment from Charlie’s view , and interprets only Charlie’s thoughts. It is an intention of the author to dig deeply into Charlie’s inner life that the narrator focuses only on Charlie’s mental state. And this confines the narrator to be a limited narrator. However, in a small part of the story, the constant point of view is diverted to another character’s perspective.In the following paragraph, the narrator tells the story from the view of Mrs. Marrion: â€Å"With each remark the force of her dislike became more and more apparent. She had built up all her fear of life into one wall and faced it toward him. Marion shuddered suddenly; part of her saw that Charlie's feet were planted on the earth now, and her own maternal feeling recognized the naturalness of his desire; but she had lived for a long time with a prejudice – a prejudice founded on a curious disbelief in her sister's happiness, and which, in the shock of one terrible night, had turned to hatred for him.It had all happened at a point in her life where the discouragement of ill health and adverse circumstances made it necessary for her to believe in tangible villainy and a tangible villainâ€Å" The oddity in narration does not ruin the flow of the story by interfering with the point of view, but, on the contrary, it contributes considerably to the story because it enhances the reliability. The story would not be so dramatic if readers could not understand the distrust of Mrs. Marrion in Charlie’s reform. This paragraph keeps readers, who is on Charlie’s side at the first place, doubting about the certainty of his willingness to mend.It also reveals the innermost uncertainty to resist alcohol in the nature of Charlie himself. Such is the great effect that a change in point of view can has on the trend of the story. That is a brief portrait of the narrator who tells us the story of ‘Babylon Revisited’. Another question that we are answering is ‘how’ the story is narrated from his point of view. The narrator have a vitally important role in choosing what is mentioned during the story. It is because the world emerging in the story is filtered through the point of view of the narrator.In the case of ‘Babylon Revisited’, surrounding environment in the story is imbued with Charlie’s feelings and thoughts. Fitzgerald uses a technique called ‘stream of consciousness technique’ to narrate this mixture of inside and outside world: â€Å"He left soon after dinner, but not to go home. He was curious to see Paris by night with clearer and more judicious eyes than those of other days. He bought a strapontin for the Casino and watched Josephine Baker go through her chocolate arabesques. After an hour he left and strolled toward Montmartre, up the Rue Pigalle into the Place Blanche.The rain had stopped and there were a few people in evening clothes disembarking from taxis in front of cabarets, and cocottes prowl ing singly or in pairs, and many Negroes. He passed a lighted door from which issued music, and stopped with the sense of familiarity; it was Bricktop's, where he had parted with so many hours and so much money. A few doors farther on he found another ancient rendezvous and incautiously put his head inside. Immediately an eager orchestra burst into sound, a pair of professional dancers leaped to their feet and a maitre d'hotel swooped toward him, crying, â€Å"Crowd just arriving, sir! † But he withdrew quickly†