Types of Economic Systems

The 3 Types of Economic Systems– Centrally planned economy – Mixed economy – Market economyCentrally planned economySystem in which a nation’s resources are owned by the government. Came from the ideology that the welfare of the group is more important than individual well being, the idea came from Karl Marx. The decline of Centrally planned economies was in the 1980’s nations began to dismantle communist central planning in favor of market based economy. Mixed economyEconomic system in which resources are more equally divide between private and government ownership. It came from the idea that a successful system must be not only efficient and innovative but should also protect society. Most economies around the world are mixed economies but most mixed economies are trying to convert more of a market economy. This is called â€Å"Privatization† or â€Å"Privatizing†. Market EconomyThe majority of nations resources are privately owned. Economic decisions are determined by supply and demand. Based on the belief that individual concerns should be placed above group concerns. The best features are free choice, free enterprise and price flexibility. The governments role is enforcing antitrust laws, preserving property rights, providing a stable fiscal and monetary environment and preserving political stability. Personally I would prefer to live in a mixed economy. I say this because it is the best kind of economic system in my eyes. A mixed economy lies between a free market economy and a centrally planned economy. A mixed economy combines elements from free market and centrally planned to create a more favorable economy. Most nations operate mixed economies with varying combinations of capitalist and socialist features. Some benefits of a mixed economy are free enterprise, private ownership, a â€Å"safety net† and the ability for the government to step in if needed. This is very appealing because the benefits are unmatched from the other two main economic systems. I like the idea of private ownership and the government being able to step in during times of need, these two examples are the main reasons I prefer to live in a mixed economy.

Culture and Anthropologists Essay

The problems that faced by anthropologists in the fieldwork are adaptation to new culture, maintain objectivism and get access to all information from their subjects. Adaptation to new culture is hard, since they have to stay for a period of time and try to live in the way their subjects’ do. Adaptation that done by anthropologists is not only adapt new lifestyle, but also learning their cultural norms and language in order to be accepeted by their subjects as a part of them, not only as a foreigner. For instance, M. N. Srinivas was got disapproval for shaving before bath since in that community, people are shaving after bath (Srinivas, 2002). However, by adapting the culture, anthropologists not only gain knowledge about how the culture is, but they will have better understanding on the culture. Knowing why do people in certain culture do certain activity, how the culture has impacted the people on that community and the historical of the culture as well. On top of that, a better understanding of the culture may assist the anthropologists to produce an unbiased ethnography by avoiding ethnocentrism. Having different cultures, people tend to make a comparison among the culture. It could be inevitable when living with people with different cultures in which values, norms and behavioural acceptance are in different manner. This objectivism is needed when anthropologists faced problem with what they observe. Remain objective could be a bit hard when the anthropologists have an emotional involvement on problems that their subjects’ face. For example, when Claire did the observation on prostitutes lifestyle and have emotional pressure, at some point she need to out from the field, so that her objectivism is remain stable (Sterk, 2009). Other than avoiding ethnocentrism, maintaining objectivism is also required to build a good relationship with their subjects. By the example on what Claire done, the thing that can be learned is anthropologists should not interfere too much on their subjects’ life, and also anthropologists should be able to set a boundaries to limit to what extend they can emotionally interfere with their subjects (Sterk, 2009). The other problem that faced the most by anthropologists is get access to all information from their subjects. In order to find the respondents, anthropologists need to show their respects to gain trust from the leader of that community. The importance of key respondents is to open a path to ommunicate with other members in that community to get more perception of how the norms and culture affect their life. However, the problem is, sometimes anthropologists wrongly identify the key repondents. According to Calire E. Sterk (2009), anthropologists need to be able to find the right person as their key respondents, if not, then the access to information is too narrow, which could cause misinterp retation on the data. For instance, during fieldwork in Rampura village, M. N. Srinivas observed a community that led by a headman that very strict on cultural rules(Srinivas 2009). The headman always watch whatever Srinivas did and limited the access to the members of that community , till the time when he realize that there are two faction and apparently the second faction is more open to foreigners than the first faction (Srinivas, 2009). By reading this case, there is something that can be a learning experience which is before anthropologists do participant observation, they need to know how is the structure of that society, what are the cultural values, norms and belief that they believe in and the most important thing is to know what are motivations to do such a cultural activities and how they do it.

Festivals in Davao Region Essay

Held annually in the city of Tagum, Davao del Norte during February 21-27, Musikahan Festival also known as Musikahan sa Tagum, is a distinct cultural event celebrating Filipino excellence in music through composition, performance and production, providing the youth with more opportunities in the music industry as its goal. Local government of Tagum provides musical instruments to public schools aiming to amplify music appreciation and enhance the skills in performance of the youth in the field of music and prepare them for a bright future in music career. Also, Tagum City facilitates the participation of local barangay units in various music competitons not only to enrich cultural literacy but also as an opportunity to gain support in the development projects of local communities. Musikahan Festival is a weeklong musical celebration that also aims to promote Tagum City as the Music Capital of Mindanao and have now finally made a mark in the music scene as Department of Tourism have officially included the event as one of the country’s pride festivals .Already earning popularism, the city of Tagum plans to bid for a Guinness Record for the longest nonstop live concert in the world. Current holder of the title is Japan with a record of 184 hours. About 5,000 members of contingents from the cities of Cagayan de Oro, Malaybalay, Marawi, Cotabato, Butuan, and Davao, of participants alone not including the visitors, compete in various musical contests which is expected to triple the income of business establishments in Tagum City. Musikahan Festival also aims to provide employment and livelihood for the townspeople. The City of Tagum claims that visitors who would take part in the celebration will be the cause for the city to have substantial multiplier effect to its businesses for they are sure to buy goods in the markets. Revelers can avail food at reasonable prices as booths are scattered in almost every part of the venue during the Musikahan Festival. Holding of the event is also an opportunity for tourism investments for hotels and malls, which is continously flourishing along with the city’s development. Among the festival’s highlights are the Battle of the Bands which divided into three categories: Folksong / Acoustic / Bossa Nova, Reggae / Ska / Emo, and Pop / Rock / Alternative category, the Drum and Bugle Corps / Chorale Competition category, and the Marching Brass Band Competition. Kadayawan Festival From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The Kadayawan Festival is an annual festival in the city of Davao in the Philippines. Its name derives from the friendly greeting â€Å"Madayaw†, from the Dabawenyo word â€Å"dayaw†, meaning good, valuable, superior or beautiful. The festival is a celebration of life, a thanksgiving for the gifts of nature, the wealth of culture, the bounties of harvest and serenity of living. Indak-indak sa Kadalanan. Indak-indak sa Kadalanan. Kadayawan Festival 2012 Kadayawan Festival 2012 Kadayawan Festival 2012 Davao Events and Festivals Davao, Philippines offers visitors a rich array of events and festivals throughout the year that highlight its unique cultural identity and history. HotelTravel.com highlights the key events and festivals in Davao from month to month, providing visitors with a huge choice of possible choice to play that once in a lifetime holiday around. Each one brings to life why Davao is so representative of people from Philippines. Click the events and festival links below for further information. Davao has a busy calendar of events which includes both holidays that are celebrated by the entire nation and a variety of celebrations that are exclusive to the region. Religion plays a big part in local festivities, with the largest events generally revolving around Roman Catholicism. Below are the most popular festivals enjoyed across the Davao region. January New Years Day: Davao’s residents celebrate the arrival of the New Year with a day off work and the chance to relax and enjoy get-togethers with friends and family. Araw ng mga Natibo: otherwise known as the Day of the Natives, this distinctly regional event sees members of the Tagacaolos, B’laans and Manobo tribes come together to celebrate their respective cultures through performances of ethnic singing and dancing, and the unusual spectacle of horse fighting. February People Power Day: Davao’s residents join the nation in enjoying a public holiday in remembrance of the 1986 People Power Revolt. March Araw ng Dabaw: Davao City celebrates the historic event when the city received an official charter. For a week, the locals enjoy a variety of festivities including horse fighting, ethnic rituals, a beauty contest and grand parade. April Easter: Locals are predominantly Catholic and so attend Holy Week services, culminating in Mass on Easter Sunday followed by celebrations with family and friends. Bataan Day: Davao locals enjoy this national holiday in remembrance of those who gave their lives in battles against the Japanese for control of the Bataan peninsular at the start of WWII. May Summer Island Festival: the third week of the month sees this popular event based at Samal Island in Davao. Locals and visitors assemble to enjoy cultural performances, banca racing and water sports competitions. June Santacruzan: locals don brightly coloured outfits and re-enact St Helene’s discovery of the cross of Christ. The event takes place in the residential areas of Belisario Heights and Lanang, which can be found a short distance north of Davao City. Tabanogan Festival: the feast of St Peter is celebrated in Davao with a number of festivities, among the most notable being the kite flying competition in which locals showcase their talents in this age-old activity. Independence Day: the 12th of June is a national holiday and sees residents of Davao enjoy a day off work to celebrate the country’s anniversary of the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain. July Araw ng Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental: this is the annual celebration of Davao’s division into the three independent provinces of del Sur, del Norte and Oriental. A variety of festivities are enjoyed including horse fighting displays, beauty pageants and tribal dance performances. Filipino-American Friendship Day: the formal Declaration of Independence from the United States is celebrated across the country on the 4th of July. Davao residents enjoy a day off work. August Araw ng mga Bayani: otherwise known as National Heroes’ Day, this is a public holiday enjoyed by all on the 26th of August. Kadayawan sa Dabaw: in the second week of August, this festival is enjoyed by locals with a variety of events including a beauty pageant, ethnic performances, a fruit and flower show and more. September Osmeà ±a Day: this national holiday commemorates the now deceased fourth President of the Philippines, Sergio Osmeà ±a. October Ramadan: a small percentage of Davao’s residents are Muslim and therefore celebrate the Islamic month of abstinence called Ramadan. Locals eat sparingly and avoid indulgences of any kind for the duration of the period. November Eid ul-Fitr: the Muslim residents of Davao mark the end of the Ramadan period with get-togethers and family feasts. Bonifacio Day: the birth date of Filipino revolutionary leader Andres Bonifacio is celebrated by residents of the Davao region. December Lopez Jaena Day: the life of Graciano Là ³pez Jaena, one of the country’s most significant historic figures, is celebrated on the 18th of December. Christmas: beginning on the 15th of the month and lasting until the 31st, Paskuhan sa Dabaw is the country’s official Christmas season. The period is marked by a variety of festive events. New Years Eve (Bisperas ng Bagong Taon): is the official end of year celebration and sees a variety of festivities enjoyed across the Davao region. Davao City is particularly lively, holding various parties and putting on fireworks displays in a number of locations.

Initial research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Initial research proposal - Essay Example in general, as a result of this; it has been defined in a perplexing number (different ways in reference to their location in the world) (Watson and Evertt 1996; Boon and Theng 1996). Market Segmentation, Brand Positioning and Targeting; these are the foundation on which the concept of SBE is based i.e. the brand’s ability to identify, create and maintain a niche market. Frost and Strauss theory is best to evaluate this as it incorporates and illustrates SBE objectives in relation to all the products under that range, and looks at all needs that aims at satisfying the individual or organization (Smith, 1995). Consumerism and Branding style and how these are linked to Self Identity and then examine how SBE incorporates this into its marketing strategy in order to appeal to its target market (Armstrong & Kotler 2003). Marketing Communication channels used by SBE in order to influence consumer decision-making with reference to the Consumer Decision-making Model, Theories on Diffusion processes, and other Buyer Behavior Theories. (Smith et al 2002) In the world’s economy, Small Business Enterprises (SBE’s) have a major impact. They contribute a lot towards the economy in facilitating employment growth and development. In reference to (Mulhern 2005), small and medium sized businesses cover around 99% of all Europeans companies. The same sector offered over 66% of the overall employment in the region. The fact that this business steer the economy is supported by analysis done in underdeveloped countries, the number of the small sectors is far much less than that of the developed countries (PORTER, 2001). As the economy continues to plummet, SBE have had to adapt in order to survive the harsh economic times as competition for the already limited target market is fiercer and as such some SBE are turning to technology and the internet to attract, extend the market target and keep their customers. (Alex Blyth 2010) KOKKINAKI, F. and AMBLER, T. (1999),

Write an annotation entry consisting of a Citation, a brief Summary, Annotated Bibliography

Write an annotation entry consisting of a Citation, a brief Summary, and a short paragraph Evaluation of the text below - Annotated Bibliography Example Research by Kolbert in four continents shows that human activities threaten all species that inhabit the planet. According to Kolbert, large numbers of plants and animals are dying. Kolbert says in that â€Å"Up to 50 percent of all living species are in danger of disappearing by the end of the century.† The information in the video is vital because the balance of the ecosystem is declining rapidly. The different species that inhabit the earth are the reason for the existence of sustainable environment for all of us. Activities such as â€Å"†¦fossil fuel consumption, ocean acidification, pollution, deforestation, forced migration†¦Ã¢â‚¬  among others, kill plant and animals (Kolbert n.p.). As a result, a harsh environment that cannot support life develops. The information in the video is sensitive to a balanced environmental existence that every individual desire. To sum up, the creation of sustainable communities through green action plans is an imperative key for human survival. The sustainability is achievable through reducing overreliance on fossil fuel, minimizing the levels of carbonates and sulphates in oceans, and encouraging afforestation. Land reclamation in areas where pollution due to human activities is also an important gesture of commitment to restore a safer environment for all species. As such, all green movement societies should raise their eyebrows and condemn human activities that disrupt the balance of the

The Technology of Netflix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Technology of Netflix - Research Paper Example There are not many companies properly involved in the online renting of movies. Moreover, Netflix plays by keeping its cost low as it tries to attract customers to frequently use its services instead of getting movies from stores or going to cinemas. Analysts believe that Netflix is now facing a tough competition in the face of other companies such as Amazon and Apple, which have also started to provide online movie services at an affordable rate. Furthermore, the cost differentiation strategy used by Netflix has been pretty successful is retaining â€Å"frequent watchers† who use the service frequently. Alongside, the company’s differentiation strategy has allowed it to get accessed by customers who avoid going to stores and want to watch movies from the comfort of their homes. Porter’s Five Forces model was discovered in 1979 by Mr. Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School. This model is used to give five factors that can be used to determine the stage of rivalry within a business. This would subsequently be used to determine the attractiveness of a market. Market attractiveness can be understood in terms of the overall profit levels achieved by an industry. To start off, Porter’s Five Forces model consists of the following five forces, namely threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers, the threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry in an industry. The application of each of these factors to Netflix will now be done to show how this business model works. The easier it is for new corporations to come into in the same business line as Netflix, the tougher would the competitive environment be. For any competitor to start up an online movie rental company, it would require enormous sums of money. Considering the amount of investments that would need to be made in setting contracts

Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Professional Development - Essay Example According to Rosdahl and Kowalski (2008) the nursing profession has its legal metes and bounds and it is a highly regulated profession with appropriate consequences for illegal and unethical practices. As a graduate nurse, it is important for me to master such laws and similar provisions in the practice in order to ensure that my actions in the actual practice are within the legal and ethical bounds (Funnell, Koutoukidis, and Lawrence, 2008). I have noted that there are certain legal provisions in relation to nursing practice that I am not completely familiar with. In other words, there are gaps in my legal knowledge which need to be filled; more specifically, these gaps pertain to my duties in relation to discharge and rehabilitation of patients, as well as my duties in relation to the administration of certain prescription medicines as ordered by physicians. I also noted how gaps in the application of these laws in the actual practice are seen. I know how these cases have been deci ded, but they seem to be vague to me in actual application. It is also important for the nurse to consider the ethical principles which are part and parcel of her practice. These ethical principles are: beneficence, autonomy, non-maleficence, and justice. Beneficence is concerned about doing what would benefit the patient, not what would bring him harm. This is very much related to non-maleficence which emphasizes about doing no harm to a patient. Autonomy is about allowing the patient to make informed decisions about his care. It is about allowing him to make independent decisions. And finally, justice is about giving the patient what is his due, in terms of health services (Borhani, et.al., 2010). 2. Critical thinking and analysis STANDARD: identifies the relevance of research to improving individual/group health outcomes ELEMENT: identifies problems/ issues in nursing practice which may be investigated through research. I have also assessed that I need to improve my investigation and research skills. In order for me to transition as a Graduate Nurse, I need to establish a more evidence-based approach in my practice. Research is an important means of identifying and investigating issues in practice (Brownson, et.al., 2009). The PICO format is one of the most effective means of investigating issues in practice because the PICO (problem-intervention-comparison-outcome) elements assist in settling appropriate research-based interventions for these issues (Fineout-Overholt, Levin, and Melnyck, 2005). In my current practice, I realize that I need to expand my knowledge to cover new knowledge and research-based information which can help in the implementation of appropriate care for the patient. In a study by Coghlan and Casey (2010), the authors carried out their study in an attempt to address the nature of the challenges which nursing research often faces. The authors pointed out that in order to face the issues in practice, the nurses’ role as an action researcher must also be emphasized. This action research strategy can help clear role ambiguity and can balance the political dynamic which often occurs in the nursing practice (Coghlan and Casey, 2010). In effect, I know that by increasing my research, I would be able to improve the resolution of various health issues. The identification of issues must be carried out independently. Traditional education

What were the political, strategic, and economic implications of the Essay

What were the political, strategic, and economic implications of the U.S. winning the Spanish-American War - Essay Example One political implication is that â€Å"when the balance of power in an international system is shifting, war becomes more likely when leaders’ domestic political outcomes depend on a favorable national outcome in the international system†.2 Note that the Americans, due to yellow journalism, had felt perturbed due to the atrocities that reportedly happened from the Spanish Occupation in Cuba. In return, the state leaders were seized to follow the demands of their voting public to avoid defeat in elections even though they wished for more peaceful settlement. Moreover, winning a war implies better chances in winning the masses’ heart. This move was a form of the traditional politics of forming public image and pleasing the public. Because of the Cuban War of Independence from Spain, the economy of the United States led to a downturn due to its heavy involvement in the Cuban economy. As the Cubans were freed, â€Å"the rise of the United States as a world power derived from its gains in the world economy. The U.S. share of world manufacturing production climbed...making it by far the supreme industrial nation.† 3 Winning the war against Spain may imply that the US had a hidden desire to either set Cuba free to improve the health of their economy or to emerge as a dominant world power to manipulate economic conditions for national benefits. American’s derived the main strategy of attacking Spain’s other colonies through naval bombing. â€Å"Although the war was ostensibly over Cuba, U.S. forces attacked Spain’s other colonies. This might be excused as strategically necessary — had not the United States subsequently absorbed these  ­territories† 4 In July, after Santiago had fallen and Spain had already sued for peace, U.S. forces invaded the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico. In the Pacific, a U.S. cruiser began shelling Guam and then seized

The Importance Of Genetically Modified Foods Research Paper

The Importance Of Genetically Modified Foods - Research Paper Example They have also been designed to resist other environmental factors such as drought and floods making them suitable in this era of global warming. Apart from this, GMOs have a faster growing rate making them preferable especially with the hunger menace in developing countries. With these many needed advantages, scientists argue that the GMOs will eventually eradicate food shortage and subsequent loss of lives due to hunger. (Henningfeld, 2009: 38)  GMO is relatively cheaper compared to natural foods while their production cost is lower. This makes them affordable to even those living below the poverty line. As a result, farmers are able to earn fast making more profit, which translates to economic growth of the country. It is a win-win situation for all.  However, critics have raised concerns about the health effects of GMOs on both animals and humans consuming them. (Henningfeld, 2009:100) Reports of health defects like reproductive abnormalities have been linked to GMOs, both on animals and humans. Concerns have also been raised on the relationship between GMOs and cancer cases. Allergic reactions and diseases like kidney and liver malfunctions have also been linked to these modified foods. Transferring genes from animals to plants has also pose ethical challenges. Incorporation of animal genes on plants, for instance, to improve their resistance level completely contradicts the creation theory. However, the cases are few and are being dealt with to make these foods safe for human consumption. (Henningfeld, 2009: 98)  From the above discussion, it is clear that GMOs have seen a significant development in the food industry and has a positive impact on many countries. If the negative effects of these foods are corrected appropriately.

Drivers influencing changes to the supply chain management Essay

Drivers influencing changes to the supply chain management - Essay Example Nevertheless despite such investments, challenges abound. It is therefore a process that requires continuous improvement anchored in the core philosophy of an organization. Introduction In order to gain a competitive advantage in the international supply chain process, it is imperative to match the various value adding activities in the chain with the comparative advantages realized in the different sectors that make up the entire chain. Indeed, supply chain management has become an important determinant of the success of any industry and business. In this regard, companies across the world are seeking the best ways to enhance the efficiency and performance of their supply chains. In this regard, supply chain managers are increasingly facing challenges involved in the three areas of supply chain process: procurement, processing and distribution. Managing supply chains in the present world is certainly a fluid process. While globalization increases the opportunities for businesses acr oss the world it also increases the risks involved. In this regard, any company operating beyond one border must understand the critical need to effectively manage its supply chain process. Supply chain management is no longer conducted behind the scenes. ... in electronic invoicing, automated notifications, computerized shipping ad tracking in addition to a wide range of new applications which are intended to enhance efficiency in the supply chains. The focus of all these changes is always to cut down costs and streamline the expenses realized by companies. In addition, the management philosophy employed within an organization largely determines the success of its SCM. It is important for the leadership to regard supply chain as a competitive advantage. The leadership should have a clear understanding of the capacity and strengths of the supply chain and how it affects growth, customer service and profitability of the organization (Neef, 2004). Other organizations usually consider the option of outsourcing their supply chain management in order to create efficiency. In this regard, the management philosophy of an organization with respect to its supply chains greatly determines the success of the process (Fredendall & Hill, 2001). Global ization and Supply Chain Management In the past few decades, the growth of the global economy and the global marketplace has influenced both consumers and industries alike. Through globalization, the business environment has become more competitive and connected. As such both opportunities and threats have increased. The hitherto existing barrier of distance has been eliminated through new technology and more efficient communication channels. Today, there is a greater networking across organizations mostly driven by the efficient transportation and logistics realized today (Ayers, 2007). Businesses operating in such a global economy have many options on how and where they can produce their products, which markets to sell to and how to interact and communicate to their suppliers and

Financial Reporting Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Financial Reporting Appraisal - Essay Example Many authors have dealt with the issue of clarity and understand ability of the annual reports (Lee and Tweedie, 1975; Smith, 1992; Keane, 1977). In fact many authors emphasised the fact that shareholders tend to read the narrative part of the annual report which normally includes good news, rather than reading statutory part and usually investors make their investment decisions depending on those good news (Tauringana and Chong, 2004; Smith and Taffler, 1992). However In order to make an informed investment decision, an investor who is contemplating investment needs to understand both the potential rewards and the associated risks (IOSCO, 1995). The main aim of this report is to summarise what has been proposed so far about improvement in effectiveness of annual reports in shape of 11 models discussed in ICAEW report. A judgement criterion has also been prepared according to which the annual reports of three company Johnson Matthey plc, Smith and Nephew plc and Smiths Group plc will be analysed. An award will be granted to the Company, which has adopted most of these models in order to improve business reporting and serving the needs of the users. Problems addressed: With the changing business methods and environment the values playing important part in business has also changed. The label of assets has transformed from tangible to intangible assets. In this scenario it is become difficult for the users to analyse the future performance of the company. The companies mostly practise the old traditional accounting techniques according to which intangible assets such as knowledge brand etc are not included in the financial statements as assets. Although in today's business scenario it is important for the users to have complete knowledge of these intangible assets in order to undertake their decisions accordingly. Solution provided: The authors of the model proposed that in order to help the investors and users to evaluate the value of the company the information provided needs to be more transparent regarding the intangible assets as compare to the past. The model suggest that all the tangible and intangible assets need to be continuously, means used to their fair values and should be reported in order to provide the clear and transparent information. The model gives three dimensions to the information 1) Assets and their configuration represented by company. 2) Information on assets relating to external environment management process and value. 3) Time. The model suggests the businesses to reveal information about their mission, strategy, and business process and risk management. The model can best serve the purpose of today's users since it provides information in many segments, which can help the user to find out the information, related to him. The model is the best way to respond to the needs of openers and transparency, which will be the most attractive value generating forces in the future. Criterion no. 2: Hermes Principle: (ICAEW, p. 65) Problems

Learning Strategies and Information-Processing Development Essay Example for Free

Learning Strategies and Information-Processing Development Essay Learning can be simply defined as the process that leads to relatively permanent change in behavior or potential change in a person’s behavior. Learning makes one change the way they perceive the environment, react to stimuli and interact. Cognitive psychology is a very important branch of modern psychology. The main focus of this approach is the memory-how information is stored and retrieved. Several theories have been developed with regard to this subject such as the stage theory (Atkinson Shriffin, 1968). The stage theory model is widely accepted since it proposes that information is processed and stored in three sequential stages i.e. â€Å"the sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory† (Atkinson Shriffin, 1968, p. 90). In addition to this model other accepted theories include levels-of-processing theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972), the parallel-distributed processing model and the connectionistic model. This paper examines how attention, memory, recognition and knowledge are related to various learning strategies. In addition, the paper discusses how visual-perceptual, motor and language relate to information processing development. Information processing development As stated in the introduction above, cognitive psychology forms an integral part of the discipline of psychology. The most widely used theory is the stage theory whose focus is on how information is stored in memory. Information is processed in three stages and this is done in a serial and scholastic manner. Another important theory is the â€Å"levels-of-processing† theory whose proposition is that the learner utilizes different levels of explanation as he or she processes in formation. A major advantage of the information-processing strategies is in their explicitness and accuracy in diving complex cognitive functions into distinct elements that can be easily studied. However, when it comes to analyzing cognition into its distinct parts; information processing fails to re-unite them into a general, comprehensive construct. In addition, most information processing tools such as computer models have lost touch with real-life learning experiences (Berk, 2009). Information processing approach towards cognition seeks to explain how the learner (children and adults) operate on the different types of information. Most scholars view the mind as a complex system (a type of computer) through which information flows and is manipulated. General models such as the store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin assume that information is stored in three parts of the brain for processing: â€Å"the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory† (Berk, 2010, para.1). Craik and Lockhart (1972) level-of-processing model assumes that information is transferred from working memory to the long-term memory depending on the level processing. There exist several other information processing developmental models such as the Case’s theory which is a reinterpretation of Piaget’s theory of information processing model. Case views cognitive development as the increase in information processing capacity as a result of brain development which can be linked to more efficient learning strategies. Connectionism on the other hand explains information processing development as a result of learning strategies such as computer-simulated strategies which enhance; inter-connectivity of processing units that are well stratified just like the neurological structure of the brain. Siegler’s using his model of learning strategy choice argues that, learners always generate a number of strategies for problem solving, the more the experience, the more strategies are selected or discarded (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). Attention is a critical factor when it comes to human thinking, it dictates the information that will be considered when undertaking a task. Attention is greatly enhanced during early and middle stages of childhood. Thus, improved attention makes one to be more adaptable, selective and organized. Enhanced cognitive reticence and efficacy of attentional learning strategies are pertinent to the fine-tuning of selective attention. The fine tuning of attentional learning strategies takes place in four stages: â€Å"production deficiency, control deficiency, utilization deficiency, and effective strategy use† (para.2). Whenever there is a problem with attention students would develop learning disorders. The argument here is that, when a student is learning a new concept, their attention needs to be focused on the new concept.   If they fail to fully pay their attention, it means that they will have a serious problem with the learning of the new information (Kail Cavanaugh, 2008). Memory strategies are said to improve with age, as children continue to develop various methods such as, organization, and elaboration. This increases the likelihood of storing information in working memory and its consequential transfer to the long-term knowledge bank. Thus, over childhood stages and even in adolescence, students’ recall steadily improves as knowledge is continually amassed and its organization is improved effectively. Childrens metacognitive abilities usually change from passivity to activity. A more productive view of mental functioning increases with the increase in awareness of information processing strategies, cognitive aptitudes, and task variables. Self-regulation cognitively develops gradually during childhood and adolescence stages. Recently, scholars of information-processing have focused their attention towards academic learning of children (Berk, 2009). Visual-perceptual, motor and language relation to information processing development A visual-perceptual skill is simply the brain’s ability to process information as seen.   Previously, most scholars had assumed that a deficiency in visual-perceptual skills was directly linked to the malfunctioning of the eye.   That is having a poor physical vision or poor muscle control in the eye. However, the presence or absence of physical vision has nothing to do with visual perceptual. Instead, visual perceptual refers to the ability of the brain the receiving of visual information, its interpretation, organization, storage, and transmission Thus, if a student’s brain is not properly storing information, recall will definitely be poor. This directly affects the student’s ability to concentrate and read since he or she has a slow recall of words. The slowing down of recall can also have a negative impact on their mathematical abilities let alone their fluency in speech and reading (Smith 2004). Language and phonological processing abilities are affected by the student’s ability to store, process, and retrieve information.   Usually language and phonological problems are rooted to reading disorders.   Many students with reading disorders have difficulty storing, processing, and retrieving information.   A normal student’s left brain hemisphere becomes dominant when they are carrying out tasks involving language processing (Berk 2009). A student’s motor skills are also an important factor when discussing about learning strategies.   Children will learn from their interaction with the environment; this ability is affected hindered by a child’s motor or verbal skills, a child will learn better when their motor skills are well developed.   This can be observed in a math class.   A conventional practice in the learning of fractions is the use of multiplication.   A student with a problem with their motor skills will have a problem with the use of manipulatives.   Thus they will definitely have it rough when it comes to the learning of fractions (Berk, 2010). Conclusion This paper argues that there exist several other information processing developmental models such as the Case’s theory which is a reinterpretation of Piaget’s theory of information processing model. Case views cognitive development as the increase in information processing capacity as a result of brain development which can be linked to more efficient learning strategies. The most widely used theory is the stage theory whose focus is on how information is stored in memory. Learning strategies such as memory strategies are pertinent to the process of information development. Information processing approach towards cognition explains how the learner operates on various kinds of information. The mind is a complex system (a type of computer) through which information flows and is manipulated. Deficits in information processing skills have negative impacts on a student’s ability to learn effectively. This is attributed to the reason that all learning is relatively cumulative.  Thus, problems in learning should be detected early in enough and solved otherwise; they would get worse with advancement of age.

Organized Crime and Transnational Corporate Crime

Organized Crime and Transnational Corporate Crime Crime is taken to mean a criminal offence and transnational organized crimes therefore refer to criminal deeds planned and implemented by a group of people emanating in 2 or more countries (Edwards Gill 2006). A different form of transnational crime is known as the transnational corporate crime which is legally attributed to a corporate entity or persons acting on its behalf. The contrast between organized crime and corporate crime is not well defined; however the two are still quite different. Transnational corporate crime majorly takes place within the context of renowned multinational organizations (Viano Bridel, 2003). Corporate lawbreaking covers quite a wide range of misbehavior, such are accounting malpractices like false statement of assets, unjust labor treatment, and production of hazardous products, misleading advertisements, environmental violations, illegal domestic political involvement and corrupt foreign deals. In the last two decades or so transnational corporations have largely expanded operations into developing world (Berdal, 2002). On the other hand transnational organized crimes involve undertaking of illicit business activities by people working in several countries, such gangs execute crimes such as drug smuggling, human trafficking, trading of illegal goods such as wildlife products and money laundering (Madsen, 2009). These groups of people tend to be so systematic in their operations, making the crime a complicated dilemma for the security and governmental policies to catch up with them. Transnational criminal rings keep becoming more and more powerful and universal, and their mobility growing each day. This is a clear indication that resources of any state are not enough to seriously harm them including the rich countries-those with supposedly good governance.( Reichel, 2004) As much as both transnational organized crime and transnational corporate crime accomplish fraud across the international boundaries, a critical view shows that corporate crime has been largely perpetuated by inefficient policies while organized crime is purely cartels based (Scherer, 2009). For instance United Nations has attempted to redefine corporate crime by coming up with codes of conduct for international business but Unites States efforts to resist this codes is an example of inconsistence of policies on the matter (United Nations, 2010). One can therefore rightfully argue that the study of organizational transgression by transnational corporate can legitimately encourage violations of international codes and other illicit actions that form a significant source of violations of the codes stated. Mafia is a term meant to describe a criminal organization; however some of these organizations are so well structured across the world to be place under the term mafia (Jones, 2004). These organizations involve themselves in criminal activities known as racketeering, in other words the work of the mob. (Mueller Edward, 2011) This is the basic functioning of the drug cartels in MÃ ©xico and therefore its a clear indication of how the fight against drugs remains a mission impromptu. For quite some time, the transnational organized crime (TOC) has been appreciated in two perspectives by people around the world. Some view organized crime in terms of large hierarchical groups with a structure close to transnational corporation while others see organized crime groups as less structured but highly flexible and adaptable (Leong, 2007). However critical perspective indicates the transnational organized criminals have an us-versus-them mentality from the fact that a small section of citizens from different countries collude to threaten welfare of legitimate citizens. Crime can be categorized into three classes namely ordinary/conventional, occupational and organizational. Conventional crimes are mostly done by the lower class and mainly involve property crimes. Occupational crimes involve people of middle class n the crimes are mainly centered in breaking laws in legitimate missions. However, organizational crime is committed by large entities in the aim of gaining financial benefits (Mishra Shanty, 2007). The latter is the class where transnational criminality falls and involves a chain of people from CEOs to supervisors; the big question now arises on how these well established criminal activities prevail while the former two classes are well catered for. Security organizations have found the diversity in the issue a big challenge especially on the structure of the two forms of transnational crimes. For instance, organized crimes could involve top officials like it happened in Peru where till today Vladimiro Montesinos, former head of Peru Nat ional Intelligence and Anti-Narcotics is still imprisoned for running a huge international drug and money laundering gang. On the other hand, transnational corporate crimes may not be directly connected to an individual but they are owned by influential persons especially from the rich countries making them just as complicated as the organized crimes for security organizations. Both transnational organized criminals and transnational corporate could execute fraudulent activities of the same magnitude. A case study on the operations and manner of execution brings out some striking contrasts that may not be well understood on a general view. For instance, money laundering has been a consistent crime for decades across Europe and seems to be on the rise rather than to diminish. Money laundering takes three sequential phases namely, placement, layering and integration- according to a report by Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Placement is the conversion or movement of money from illegal deals to a form or place less suspicious to law enforcement authorities. Then follows layering where the money is alienated from the illegal sources through a series of complex transactions (e.g. wire transfers and monetary instruments) in the aim of breaking the audit trail. Finally the integration comes in where the illegal proceeds are made into legitimate bu siness profits by ordinary financial operations (Siegel Nelen, 2008). However not all international money laundering transactions involve all three phases, the described stages of money laundering process are just but conventional, they differ among the two forms of transnational crime; transnational organized and transnational corporate (van Duyne, 2003). Transnational corporate may require fewer steps in money laundering as compared to transnational organized criminals; this is because of their legal existence (Mahncke, Thompson, 2004). A transnational Corporate may not require placement step since they already handle some sums of money during their transactions and any illegal proceeds may not be easily identified from the legal financial assets. Many people may feel that organized criminals such as terrorist and drug cartel are the most dangerous but critically, transnational corporate crime posses more danger since their size and legality comfortably hides lots of information (Rush Ryan, 1997). Transnational crime is evidently a social and legal challenge worth of attention; many have tried to document it in the aim of dismissing it as a journalistic sensationalism (Andreas Friman, 1999). It is however not clear who is most affected by this forms of criminality; is it the poor countries who have less established legal systems or the rich nations where most transnational corporate seem to be based? The answer lies on either, the form of criminal activity in question or the form of transnational crime. Transnational corporate crime affects any country where a branch of the corporate exists whereas the effects of transnational organized crime are highly felt in countries with rich market and opportunities of their line of operation (Athanassopoulou, 2005). For instance, international drug cartels aim countries such as the USA and UK where they have a broad ready market for their product. The above contrast on transnational organized crimes and transnational corporate crimes i ndicates that transnational corporate crimes are in a way an advancement of the transnational organized crimes.

Change of Shift Report in Nursing

Change of Shift Report in Nursing Change in Practice Assignment: Shift Report Elizabeth Campins Nurses communicate information about their assigned client at the end of each shift to the nurse working on the next shift. Shift report provides updated patient’s status for continuity of care. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze the effectiveness of the change-of-shift-report at bedside and the implementation of evidence-based practice for an accurate and relevant report. The Problem There are different change-of-shift-report according to the institution rules and regulations. The different ways to give the end-of-shift report vary among institutions, and especially among different units in the same hospital. It constitutes a problem for nurses, particularly when they float from unit to unit (Dufault et al., 2012). Some common types of reports are orally in person, by audiotape, and walking- planning rounds. Oral reports are given in conference rooms, with staff members from both shifts participating. It has the advantage that they allow staff members to ask questions or make clarifications face to face. By audiotape recording question and clarifications have to be made after listening to the tape report. The problem is that orally and audiotapes reports are made without visualizing the client actual condition. The status of a patient, changes in vital signs, unusual response to treatments, and changes in client’s emotional condition can happen very quickly. These quick changes in a client’s condition can cause a gap of information between what is written or recorded in a report and what the client is experiencing at the moment. Inaccurate information can lead to treatment using outdated or even incorrect information that puts the patient and the nurse at risk. Nurse’s consent on taking the client with no direct observation are in danger of being responsible for any critical situation aroused at the last minute that it was not in the report, including death of the patient. Nurses accepting the assignment are responsible and accountable to the care of that patient they have not seen yet (Nelson Massey, 2010). Because nurse-patient relationship begins when the nurse accepts responsibility for nursing care, it does not matter the modality of the shift report, nurses are still accountable. Change in the way of giving an end-of-shift report is an implementation needed in every health care institution. Considering one format with the same protocol in every unit can be the most efficient strategy for bedside shift report. This implementation will reduce the possibilities of communication errors that is the most reported cause of sentinel events in U.S hospitals (Guido, 2013), and also has the advantage of involving the family in client car e. Practice Change The evidence-based change to practice propose in this assignment is a standardized protocol for bedside-shift-report. Evidence supports that breakdown in communication and medical errors occur during end-of- shift-report (Gregory, Tan, Tilrico, Edwardson, Gamm, 2014). The proposed standardized protocol for the report will use the SBARP format: Situation will review admitting information, problem list, and diagnosis. Background will include a review of past medical history, social history, resuscitation status if any, current orders and medication list. Assessment will be together with the oncoming nurse including validating progress notes and verification of the most recent vital signs. This step will be with nurses already in the patient room. Recommendation will be in front of the patient to discuss what the care plan for the shift is. Patient participation will consider patient concerns and questions. Gathering relevant information from medical notes and nursing documentation is the first step to initiate the report. It is necessary to validate all information with the actual status of the patient to facilitate the transfer to the recipient of the report. The oncoming nurse will review assignment sheet and read information on the computerized reports. At the time of meeting with the off-going nurse, it is necessary to review the information and to add what is not on the computerized report. This time outside of the patient room may be an appropriate time to discuss any sensitive information that may be considered an HIPAA violation if family members are present or when the patient is in semi-private rooms. Some staff members are skeptic in being able to discuss a sensitive topic as infectious diagnosis, HIV, drug abuse or psychiatric issues in front of and with the patient. In this case, both nurses could go to a private setting before entering the patient room. The study recommen dation is to adjust models as appropriate to attain and sustain the outcomes. Each off-going nurse will provide a verbal report at the bedside of the patient using the SBARP format (Dufault et al., 2012). Would be necessary highlight every critical area considering situation that include admitting information and diagnosis problem list. Nurse need to review past medical history, current orders, resuscitation status, med list, among others. At the time of the assessment oncoming nurse will verify the most recent patient assessment, review labs, vital signs and read progress notes. Any observation shared with the patient is useful for meeting their needs and also to find out what is not in need at that time. Both nurses need to discuss the proposed plan of care to move to the next level. Reporting in front of the patient reassures the patients that they are the priority and nurses are aware of the details in the client condition. Off going nurse will introduce to the patient the oncom ing nurse, and assess the patient concerns and the care plan for the day. This strategy will give to the patient a sense of security and wiliness to participate in their care with the recommended options. Finally, the off-going nurse turns over patient to the oncoming nurse (Dufault et al., 2012). Evidence Supporting the Proposed Change The first research study that supports the evidence for bedside shift report is Translating an Evidence-Based Protocol for Nurse-to-Nurse Shift Report (Dufault et al., 2012). The purpose of this study was standardizing communication practices to reduce the risk of patients in an acute care environment as a result of a gap in communication at the time of the shift report. It focuses on how to translate research into practice model to generate the best-practice-protocol for nurse-to-nurse shift handoffs in a Magnet designated community hospital in U.S. The project used the Collaborative Research Utilization (CRU) model with a six-step translating-research-into-practice approach. The model use three steps in this order: Identifying clinical problems related to change on shift report. The second is appraising and evaluating the strength of theoretical, empirical and clinical evidence. And the third one is the translation of this evidence into a best practice and standardized protocol for change of shift report. It has its basis in the Roger’s Adoption of Innovation Theory that considers three important factors to improve research translation into practice. The first one is the availability of a validated and predictable knowledge. Second, need of a competent staff using this knowledge with a favorable attitude toward the research. Third, a supportive policy-generating structure that promotes innovation (Dufault et al., 2012). Additionally to CRU model with its groundwork of Roger’s Adoption of Innovations Theory it was included Orlando’s Nursing Theory. It emphasizes in meeting the patient’s need and value the concept of nursing’s role as client-family advocate. The model gives tools to the review for validated literature on nursing shift reports. It provides a guide of research roundtables (experiential, problem-focused learning exercises) to evaluate and translate the empirical knowledge. Additionally, at the time to create the organizational structures within the hospital it provides the test; sustain evidence-based policies, and standards needed to cue clinical actions. While the transition to change, the above-mentioned model, paired in teams of clinicians, nurse researchers, clinical specialists, undergraduate and graduate nurse students. This strategy addresses the clinical issue, in this case, development of a standardized protocol for nurses’ shift report. The before mentioned approaches to change has been tested in other previously apply problems in which the evidence-based is strong. The second research study was Bedside Shift Reports: What Does the Evidence Say? By (Gregory, Tan, Tilrico, Edwardson, Gamm, 2014). This study summarizes a systematic literature review of BSRs and serves as a mechanism to relate the support for improving quality of care and patient safety. After strong evidence supporting the benefits of BSR, sustainability is still an issue. As a result, many studies recommend assessing staff attitudes before and after implementation to identify if periodic interventions are needed to sustain desired change in practice. Models of bedside report incorporating the patient into the triad have been shown to increase patient engagement and enhance caregiver support and education. This study analyzed Thirty-three titles divided into six categories: team-based variables, dynamic relationships, individual benefits, confidentiality concerns, accountability and cost efficiency. Twenty-five studies were reporting team-based variables that discuss positive attitudes and improved patient-centered care, team collaboration, and care coordination after implementation of BSR. In sixty-four percent of these studies (n=16) was noted an increased patient care. Only twelve percent (n=3) of the articles cited increased family-centered care within team-based variable. Enhanced team collaboration was observed in thirty-two percent of the articles. Nurses reported increased communication, timeliness, and consistency of information. Seventeen of the articles cited positive aspects of the nurse-nurse relationships. It included providing emotional support to on another, increased communication, mentoring and coaching and overcoming feelings of discomfort during BSRs. Twenty-nine articles highlighted individual benefits of BSRs for the patient, nurse, and even physician. Fifteen articles expressed confidentiality concerns with BSRs when discussing sensitive information about the patient especially during a family visit or semi-private rooms. Eight articles show advantage and disadvantage regarding accountability and reducing overtime accumulated between shifts changes. In resume, nurse shift reports are one of the most crucial processes in patient care were patient safety can be improved to reduce medical errors in the U.S. Evaluating the Change Press Ganey Patient Satisfaction Survey data (Press Ganey, 2015.) was used to evaluate patient preference and nursing staff competence. It described the patient-centered, evidence-based, best practice protocol developed for the hospital, it made eight recommendations. The study evaluates the information content of the bedside-shift-report in a medium sized magnet-designated community hospital. It serves a high population of tourists, the military and older adults from the surrounding community. This population is similar in the percent of minorities, gender, and socioeconomic status to others community hospitals in the state. Bedside reports have been supported by improving patient safety, patient-centered care, and nurse communication as well as reduce medical errors by the Joint Commission’s National Patient Safety Goals (The Joint Commission, 2015). The project has a positive and sustained impact as an effective approach to handoffs report, and in other problem-solving in the future (Dufault et al., 2012). The results of the study indicate that standardized BSRs will increase compliance, increase patient’s and nurses’ satisfaction, and will saves nurses time. But it was found weak or little evidence to support the use of specific structure, protocol, or method for BSRs (Gregory, Tan, Tilrico, Edwardson, Gamm, 2014). The evidence is clear of the benefits to models of BSRs. The task is to identify the suitable model that fit each organization and patient population to attain and sustain the outcomes. Summary Bedside shift reports is a critical process in patient care that can improve patient safety, and reduce errors as a consequence of communication gaps during the transfer of information at the end of each shift. This assignment addressed the problem, and the evidence-based change to practice as with the standardized protocol for bedside-shift-report. We based our conclusion on two studies Translating an Evidence-Based Protocol for Nurse-to-Nurse Shift Report (Dufault et al., 2012), and Bedside Shift Reports: What Does the Evidence Say? By (Gregory, Tan, Tilrico, Edwardson, Gamm, 2014). After analyzing the data and evaluating the change proposed, we mention the most relevant results concerning to this change. References Dufault, M., Duquette, C. E., Ehmann, J., Hehl, R., Lavin, M., Martin, V., Willey, C. (2012, March 9). Translating an evidence-based protocol for nurse-to-nurse shift handoffs. Wiley Online Library, 7(2), 59-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6787.2010.00189.x Gregory, S., Tan, D., Tilrico, M., Edwardson, N., Gamm, L. (2014, October). Bedside shift reports: What does the evidence say? JONA, 44(10), 541-545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000115 Guido, G. W. (2013). Legal and ethical issue in nursing (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Nelson, B. A., Massey, R. (2010). Implementing an electronic change-of-shift report using transforming care at the bedside processes and methods. JONA, 40(4), 162-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0b013e3181d40dfc Press Ganey website. (2015). http://www.pressganey.com/resources/patient-satisfaction-survey The Joint Commission website. (2015). http://www.jointcommission.org/standards_information/npsgs.aspx

Feminism in William Gibsons Neuromancer Essay -- Feminism Feminist Wo

Feminism in Neuromancer Neuromancer is an amazingly complex novel. Being one of the first of its kind, Gibson tells a chilling tale of a world where computers, and a thing called " the matrix," become more "real" than reality. The story, set in the not-so-distant future, has our hero, Henry Dorsett Case, embarking on an adventure that stretches the limits of the reader's imagination. But even though Case is our main character, there are others with as much or more power and influence. Women play a significant role in aiding Case throughout his mission. Not only are they noteworthy, they hold most of the "power" and at the end, it is a woman who holds the final "key." By using the feminist approach to literary criticism, we can explore these female characters to find out how they contribute to the overall plot. Feminist literary criticism looks at how literary works portray women. They look to see if there is any social power exerted by females. Feminists also see our culture as a "patriarchal society organized in favor of the interest of men." (HCA...

Alan Bennetts Talking Heads inspired my initial idea. :: Drama

Alan Bennett's 'Talking Heads' inspired my initial idea. DRAMA PRACTICAL =============== Our group comprised of Jennifer Harney, Jamie Hollaway, Antonia Forsyth, Nick Hudson and myself. Alan Bennett's 'Talking Heads' inspired my initial idea. I had imagined two seats on stage with two people portraying an unusual event. The other actors would then act out the narrated story. However this was not met with great enthusiasm and so was immediately dismissed. Our second idea was more stimulating. We came up with the idea of a failing band who were looking for new talent a la 'The commitment', and were holding auditions. Jenny was immediately taken with the idea and imagined herself portraying the role of director. We soon had discussed this idea to death and were no longer inspired by it but dreaded the thought of how we would bring it to the stage.. The end of the lesson arrived and we realised we had done nothing but talk and had rubbished all the ideas we had come up with. We repeated the second lesson in the same way, however it was a little more productive. We moved from the idea of a failing band to an actress who was finding it tough being at the top. However two problems soon emerged. The first was that we were coming up with fantastic ideas that would obviously only work on film, and not on the stage. The second was the lack of insight and excitement for all the characters, other than the star herself, leaving everyone else feeling worthless and unimportant; the group was starting to split- this was turning into a disaster. We were able to salvage this by the lifeline provided by Nick. Although his idea also contained many problems that needed to be discussed, we were able to recover the fading spirit of the group. During the third lesson we became worried that we not getting anywhere fast, so we decided to change our approach. We remembered that in earlier workshops, when we had been stuck for inspiration, we wrote down random words and then just improvised based around the chosen word. The first to be used was squash, after the second attempt I was reminded of the metaphor 'When life gives you lemons make lemonade'. Although this was a slight deviation from 'squash, nevertheless the group was inspired ands so we spent twenty minutes discussing the idea. We then realised our idea had, once again, dragged us back into the fatal area of discussion, which we were trying to avoid! The fourth lesson we returned we asked for the help of our teacher (Mrs. Curtis)- we were aware of the other group's developments, and

Life Skills for Personality Development

SKILLS ? What are skills? ? What is the difference between a skilled and unskilled person? ? Why is it necessary to have skills? ? How does one acquire skills? ? Why should the skills be enhanced? What are Skills? ? Skills are the learned capacity which helps us to do a task effectively. Skills are abilities to use know-how to complete tasks.Skills are acquired through practice and patience A skilled person uses less time, energy and resources to do a job and produces quality results Skills are gained through school/college, work experiences, hobbies, books, elders, peers etc Skills can be improved if we could identify, analyze and practice them. What are Life Skills? Life Skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life (WHO) Adaptive means that a person should have the flexibility to adjust according to the situation.For positive behavior, a person needs to have positive thinking and look at opportunities even in difficult situations, in order to cope with the situation. . 10 Core Life Skills (WHO) ? Self Awareness ? Effective Communication ? Critical thinking ? Decision Making ? Coping with emotion ? Empathy ? Interpersonal Relationship ? Creative thinking ? Problem Solving ? Coping with stress Self-Awareness †¢The ability to introspect, analyze and accept one’s thoughts actions and feelings; recognizing and acknowledging one’s needs and desires. †¢Ability to know our self: Our Character, desires, likes, dislikes and our strengths and weaknesses. Developing self-awareness can help us to recognize when we are stressed or feel under pressure. It is also often a prerequisite for effective communication and interpersonal relations, as well as for developing empathy for others. Empathy ? Empathy is the ability to accept and understand others who are different from you. ? Empathy encourages a positive behaviour towards people in need of care and assistance. ? This skill works wonders when we apply it to our relationships with our loved ones, classmates, parents, friends, cousins and colleagues ?Finally it helps you to move closer to findings solutions, to resolve conflicts and enhance quality of life. Effective Communication ? Effective communication means that we are able to express ourselves, both verbally and nonverbally, in ways that are appropriate to our cultures and situations. ? Listening. ? Assertiveness. Interpersonal Relationship ? Initiate and maintain positive relationships and de -link unconstructive relationships. ? Interpersonal relationship skills help us to relate in positive ways with the people we interact with.. Critical thinkingAbility to analyze information, experiences, situations and circumstances etc in an objective manner and rationally. ? Recognizing and assessing factors influencing our attitude and behavior. ? It is not merely criticizing.? Making objective judgments about choices and risks . ? Critical thinking can contribute to health by helping us to recognize and assess the factors that influence attitudes and behaviour, such as values, peer pressure, and the media. Creative thinking Ability to; ? Think differently and out of the box ? Look beyond our direct experience? Respond adaptability ?Having flexibility to situations in daily life? Achieving the objectives in daily life situations Creative Thinking ? Creative thinking contributes to both decision making and problem solving. ? It helps us to look beyond our direct experience, and even if no problem is identified, or no decision is to be made. ? can help us to respond adaptively and with flexibility to the situations of our daily lives. Problem Solving ? problem solving enables us to deal constructively with problems in our lives.? Significant problems that are left unresolved can cause mental stress and give rise to accompanying physical strain.Decision-making Ability to; ? Choose the best amongst the various alternatives or options in many life situations ? Weigh the pros and cons of alternatives ? Accepting responsibility for consequences of the decision with confidence.? Decision making helps us to deal constructively with decisions about our lives. ? This can have consequences for health if young people actively make decisions about their actions in relation to health by assessing the different options, and what effects different decisions may have. Coping with Emotion ? Recognizing emotions in ourselves and others Being aware of how emotions influence behavior, ? Being able to respond to emotions appropriately. ? Intense emotions, like anger or sorrow can have negative effects on our health if we do not react appropriately. Coping with Stress ? Coping with stress is about recognizing the sources of stress in our lives, ? Recognizing how this affects us, & ? Acting in ways that help to control our levels of stress by changing our environment or life style and learning how to relax s o that tensions created by unavoidable stress do not give rise to health problems.

World Trade Organization

The courageousness and dedication that was displayed by the objectionors in the painting was what I took to heart. It was something else to see a separate of people come to graspher to protest something that they recollectd so strongly despite creation pepper sprayed, shot at with galosh bullets, and thrown into jail.. But why would anyone go to these lengths to protest against an organization? The valet de chambre Trade Organization was created in Jan. 1 1995 and has 140 member countries. According to their ordained website www. wto. org the organizations main purpose is to, help avocation flow as freely as possible-so long as there atomic number 18 no undesirable side-effects.This partly pith removing obstacles. However the organization isnt a democratic organization. Instead the WTO rules are scripted by and for corporations with inside access to the negotiations. Citizen input signal by consumer, environmental, human rights and wear down organizations is systemati cally ignored as WTO conflicts are held in secret. According to the video, out of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations and only 49 are countries. As a go forth it is no wonder why so legion(predicate) came to protest this secret meeting held in Seattle, WA.According to the video many protestors argued that the WTO and its motto of free world commerce is stomping over labor and human rights in countries throughout the world as the handling of cheap labor and child labor are continually ignored by the WTO. The magazine international Exchange states that the WTO is mental block human rights abuses since they have govern that, 1) It is vile for a government to ban a product base on the substance it is produced and 2) Governments cannot take into account the behavior of companies that do business with vicious dictatorships such(prenominal) as Burma. The protestors in the video also mat that the WTO was destroying the environment. Evidence of this, dates b ack to 1993 when according to the Global Exchange, The very first WTO panel ruled that a regulation of the US nifty Air Act, which required both national and foreign producers alike to produce scrubbed gasoline, was il effective.Recently, the WTO declared illegal a readying of the Endangered Species Act that requires shrimp in the US to be caught with an inexpensive trick that allows endangered sea turtles to escape, and the WTO is currently negotiating an concord that would eliminate tariffs on wood products, which would development the demand for timber and escalate deforestation. As a result I believe that these corporations should not be allowed to continue to get away with such actions. The people in Seattle honored their legal right to assemble.The actions taken by the city of Seattle against these protestors were too primitive and Im still undecipherable for what reason they took such extreme measures against the protestors. These were inactive protests and the ci ty freaked out over a few broken windows at corporations such as Starbucks and Nike. In my point of slew the steps taken by the city of Seattle was way over the line and its disgusts me that unruffled protestors were thrown into jail for demonstrating a legal right in the constitution.

JKL International plc. International Human Resource Essay

INTRODUCTIONWith the trend of globalisation, the heel of multi stateal companies is constantly increasing as sound as deportees ( billet Rec tell a sectionalization, 2011). ostracize forethought right off is an indwelling issue of forgiving vision part because it rams a large wreak out of bud bring forth from the corporation. It is inevitable for deportations to represent close barriers in subsidiaries because of unique cuticle nicetys in all countries over the world. subject area last is cultural experiences, beliefs, shapeed behaviour patterns, and value shargond by citizens of the identical nation (Neale _et al_, 2006, p.26). A internal finis forget signifi womanish genitaliatly affect any employee running(a)s in firms and furtherto a greater extent, field market-gardening provide mould the c atomic number 18 frame massage in a follow as nearly accompanied with organisational purification so that drag culture caution is helpful non moreove r when for the supervisors margeinations but also for employees in particular for expats (subgenus Chen, 2006, p. 2). In the baptistry study of JKL, it showed a prune of chores in their exiles which related issue cultures and JKL leave implement a British get byrial trunk into its Russian supplemental.This under go for exit scratch line examine the b new(prenominal)s and issues in managing transportations in JKL and because valuate the marriage end from Jim Flinn, the chief operating officer of Zagorski who result put on an holy British passenger carial clay into a Russian subsidiary. schemeAL CONTEXT (CASE STUDY)JKL is a British pharmaceutic company which was founded in 1925 and it has grow its communication channel by acquiring contrastive pharmaceutical companies in Malaysia, India, Greece and the States. Recently, JKL has defy the largest attainment of Zagorski, a pharmaceutical company in Russia.At the headquarter of UK, JKL applies a de change organisational structure. all(prenominal) managers be required to break d profess their hold opinions to reduce some draw put ups of group close qualification which is conformity pressure in groups (Robbins and Judge, 2009, p.336). Employees be allowed to propose valuable ideas to become and administrative carcasss as heartfelt. Supervisors pull up stakes face m adepttary incentives (one of the physical charters) as demand to employees and managers (Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2000, p.129) if their initiatives argon judged as strength innovations.On the separate hand, in subsidiaries, JKL utilise topical anaestheticised gracious choice practices in topical anaestheticise to touch local anaesthetic cultural set and legal governances (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008, p.217) by keeping local managers with liveorganisational and managerial dodges. In medieval old age, those subsidiaries in Malaysia, India and Greece were continually devising bread to JKL and JKL also regularly sent managers and specialists to those subsidiaries for deportee in a period of term. by and by the acquisition of Zagorski, Dr. Jim Flinn leave be the CEO who had spent at last three course of studys in the subsidiary of ground forces.PART angiotensin-converting enzymeEXPATRIATES counseling AND CROSS CULTURE MANAGEMENT IN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONSINTRODUCTIONculture is a popular topic in literature enquiry and it could be exposit as a softw atomic number 18 of the mastermind (Hofstede, 1991, p. 2) .With the trend of globalisation, managing cultural disparitys has become an classical issue in human pick counseling of multinational corporations. Misunderstanding whitethorn be occurred if culture deflections are not come up-managed even these colleagues are functional in the same organisation (Hall, 1995, p.6). In the case study, seven-spot discharges of JKL nominate their own occupations and for JKL, at that institutionalise is a mellowed expatriate passing regularise later on repatriation (Appendix F).This essay forget identify the problem of seven expatriates ploughing in JKL and its subsidiaries and after that, rational proposals of changes ordain be given to them on the derriere of improvements of JKLs human imaginativeness department.EXPATRIATES AND ORGANISATION PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS FOR CHANGESEXPATRIATESIn the case study it lists seven expatriates with their problems and in the following essay they will be numbered from A to G.A (RETURNED FROM PENNSYLVANIA, ground forces) correspond to the case study, expatriate A was the archetypical expatriate to Pennsylvania because of an attractive salary. The creator of returning is that expatiate A was soaked roughly following managers received cave in compensation software outlines than him although they were al roughly doing the same unit of measurement shebang.The master(prenominal) problems of the human imagination department of JKL ar e rewarding corpse and lack of repair carrying out judgment formation. Every employee believes, and most experts believe, that pay and rewards are an alpha part of an organisations human resource commission (Harris, Brewster and Sparrow, 2003, p.91). In fact, the initiative expatriate to a subsidiary will face loads of difficulties in practical and then try to solve them as a pioneer (Business Wire, 1998). As a result, the first expatriate is deserved to sport a separate compensation package than followers. As the perspective of organisation, the first expatriate may important to human resource managers because this psyche commode be regarded as a reading sample of human resource care (Arusha ages, 2009, p.16).On the other hand, because of wanting(p) efficient cognitive operation appraisal, expatriate A had a lower compensation package compared with following managers and that may be the contend of the compensation package of expatriate A was retain unvarying for a capacious time as well. Expatriates sometimes will feel unfair if instruction execution evaluate clay is not effective tolerable because insufficient surgical operation appraisal outline may make expatriates uncertain of their performance in particular for those hard working expats (Gordon, 2010, p.56).The viable solution of dealing this problem is establishing an effective reward governing body by performance appraisal (Performance -related reward system). Performance-related pay (PRP) can change the payment from a sozzled structure to a flexible representation depended on performance (Harris, Brewster and Sparrow, 2003, p.94). By applying this system, the productivity of employees will be significantly change magnitude and for expatriates, they will be motivated and morewilling to finish their assignments as well (Gielen, Kerkhofs and Van, 2010, p.299). Furthermore, accurate evaluation is also a factor which company need to take account because t present is an ess ential refer among indigence and performance appraisal (Carrell, Elbert and Hatfield, 2000, p.315).B (RETURNED FROM INDIA)The reason of expatriate B returning to UK is that his fellow and child had abounding of India alimentation and schooling as seemed to be suffering (Case Study).The briny problem of the human resource department of JKL is expatriate excerption especially in grumpy-cultural suitableness and family. Cross-cultural suitability and family are both of the most crucial criteria of expatriate woof (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008, p.120). In culture aspect, Hofstedes national culture model demonstrated the principal(prenominal) various mingled with UK and India in force out distance and individualism (Appendix A). jibe to appendix A, the personnel distance column in India is lots amplyer than it in UK as well as individualism so that at that place maybe the reason of his spouse had enough of India.In addition, un kindred Hesperian atomic number 63 civ ilisation, there is a club system in India which cause the spicy place distance and some another(prenominal) females in India basically are not regarded as equal to males (Robert _et al_., 2000, pp.654-656). Moreover, individualism in India is much(prenominal) less important than UK so that residents in India intend to work, study and live together with (South Asian Studies, 2011) that is to marvellousy diametric to UK. As a result, the wife and child keened on back to UK because of the cultural adjustment problem while her husband was slake working but with British colleagues (Case Study).The solutions will be provided here are selecting an appropriate aspect as an expatriate and putting more emphasis on cross-cultural suitability and family requirement. Cotemporary, the family element is having more important weight unit in expatriate option because of non-working factors and potential influence to working expatriates (Andreason and Aaron, 2008, pp. 386-387).C (RETU RNED afterward A-FIVE-YEAR-ASSIGNMENT AND WOULD BE SENT OUT IMMEDIATELY)The problem of JKL here is about deport counselling and in detail it will be related to re-entry circumspection. In general, after finish an international assignment, an expatriate will go back to the lieu rude as called re-entry or repatriation (Harzing and Ruysseveldt, 2004, p.337). However, most extradites will portion out with culture shock after they back to the home country. Using an example of India and UK here, although more British work in India as expats for its booming economic and after their refinement assignments, back to UK, they therefore only main(prenominal)tain they cannot work under a UK mount (The International auspicate Tribune, 2009). That may be the reason that JKL sent employee C abroad again without hesitation in order to avoid coping with culture shocks (Case Study).It is evidently that JKL need to improve their deport centering and there are some models here from other multinational companies. JKL could Offer repatriation training, pre-departure training, and re-entry preference to employees and their families (Liu, 2005, p.129) and expats can increase the awareness of repatriation and abate the question after back to the home country . Moreover, JKL could prepare a line of reasoning vacancy in expatriate anxiety course of human resource counselling because expatriates make up various working experiences in other countries (Berman and Ursula, 2009, pp.80-81).D (NOW WORKING IN GREECE AS AN EXPATRIATE)The major issue of expatriate D in Greece now is adapting the local customs and culture in Greece although JKL had a prepared pre-departure training class (Case Study). In Hofstedes national culture materialisation of UK and Greece (Appendix B), the uncertainty scheme is extremely high and no hanker-term orientation in Greece. In the case of expatriate D, a problem of communication is occurred as well. In theoretical aspect, there f our problems in cross-cultural oral communication semantics, pronounce connotations, tone differences and differences among perceptions (Robbins and Judge, 2009, pp.407-408) and English and Grecian are classified to two different address system. As a result, it will take a prospicienter trainingprogramme to completely learn and understand a foreign oral communication. wish wellwise the body vocabulary and gestures in England are slightly different to the world, for example, a V gesture bureau victory or peace in many countries but in England, if the medal and fingers face inward, it means up yours especially if executed with an upward jerk of the fingers ( modern York generation, 1996, p.E7).Consequently, post-departure training is a rational option for expatriate D to continually make adjustments into Grecian culture. The reason is that post-departure training is suit for expatriates living in a country which has an tout ensemble different culture and it can travel rap idly accustoming another culture (Managing planning and Development, 2005).E AND F (CONFUSED AFTER REPATRIATE)Expatriate E and F accept similar problems after finishing their international assignments because JKL currently have no response about their repatriate (Case Study). The problem of JKL must be repatriate counsel.The possible solution will be provided here is putting emphasis on repatriate management. In fact, in last ten years, there is an increasing number of multinational corporations focus on repatriate management while in 1990s, only few companies would hold a re-entry discussion. correspond to a survey in 1997, only 27% firms supposed to hold a discussion about re-entry and it had been improved in 2000s. In 2004, there are 86% companies intend to discuss the re-entry issue (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2008, p.199). JKL could broaden repatriate supports to repatriates much(prenominal) as give action to human resource management to increase the sense of loyalty so that the company can avoid losing these undergo employees (Harzing and Ruysseveldt, 2004, pp. 343-344).G (THOUGHT GREEK DISCRIMINATE AGAINST FEMALE)From expatriate Gs case, it seems classical disfavour the idea of female even she is well qualified or experienced (Case Study). Thus, for JKL, it shall check out the culture and even the working environment in Greece.From Hofstedes national culture model, UK and Greece possess almost the same consider in masculinity and Greece actually has a lower masculinity figure than UK (Appendix B). However, the power distance in Greece is much high(prenominal) than it in UK which means whatever a male or female, their ideas are hardly apply to supervisors as an employee.In classic working condition, it is surprisingly to find much evidence of discrimination against female. According to an appointed report written by Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) and the World governance against Torture (OMCT) (2002, pp.13-21), there are almost 4500 rape s in working communities every year and only 6% are report to police. Furthermore, Sexual harassment in communities is normal in Greece due to no special legislation of sexual harassment. Those factors may be the reasons of Greek male employees discriminate against female in the working place.In JKLs view, it is a challenge to solve this problem as well, one of the effective ship canal is sending a male expatriate instead of female employee in Greece to go on any hidden risks in Greece and make further investigation in Greek subsidiaries.ORGANISATIONFrom the case study, JKL have a high expatriate ill rate (Exceed 46%) in subsidiaries except USA (Appendix F). JKL has paid a low heed on cross culture management because it applies a localized managerial system and most managers in the subsidiaries are from the innkeeper countries. In fact, many multicultural corporations which apply localised managerial system have the same issue in manage culture difference (National Centre for vocational Education Research, 2006, p.1).According to Brunstein (1995, pp. 275-280), a localised managerial system will positively fit the local setting and it is easier to experience utility like autonomy units in a shorter of time than centralised management system. However, the drawbacks are employees especially the expatriates from the parent company will probably face a hugeculture shock in the subsidiary if their cultures are to loftyy different. As a result, JKL must release many improvements in human resource department especially in expatriate management field.If JKL continually applies a localised managerial system in acquired firms, it may only have problems on expatriates management. However, once the supervisors intended to engraft the whole management system into a country with entirely different national culture like flag-planting, it by all odds will bring a dear impact to the target subsidiary and the crush consequence may like the failure of Japanisation e ntering UK in 1990s. oddmentThe main problem that JKL has is on its international human resource management as a part of managerial system. In the case study, seven expatriate had a cut back of typical expatriate problems comprising training, expatriate selection and repatriate management. Moreover, 43 per cent of expatriate left JKL after their repatriation and at to the lowest degree 46 per cent of expatriate cannot complete their tour in subsidiaries except USA. In short, those fundamental factors of expatriates problems are totally base on various national cultures that JKL need to take account in its cross culture management.PART TWO follow THE DECENTRALISED MANAGERIAL SYSTEMS OF JKL APPLIED IN RUSSIAN AFFILIATEINTRODUCTIONLike national cultures, many companies have actual their own organisational culture as well as managerial structure. systemal structure is important to multinational corporations because it will definitely interact with different national cultures in mu ltitude countries (Francesco and cash, 2005, p.236). In the case study, JKL applies apolycentric visit condition system in Malaysia, India and Greece and decision making authority is awarded to subsidiaries in order to avoid drawbacks on the motivation and political problems in these countries (Stonehouse _et al_, 2004, pp.382-383). As a result, those subsidiaries make profit very shortly (Case Study).This essay will evaluate Jim Flinns proposal who intends to channel a whole managerial system from JKL headquarter to its Russian sort out.STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS OF JKLS AND ZAGORSKIS STRUCTURES AND MANAGERIAL SYSTEMSAt the headquarter in UK and its affiliate in USA, JKL uses a decentralised management structure and employees will be charge to make decisions on their own works (Case Study). Currently, many European multinational companies utilize decentralised managerial structure and develop an organisational culture called old boys network with high autonomy (Bartlett, Ghosha l and Birkinshaw 2003 pp.342-343). Decentralised structure is one of the most advantageful management systems in transnational corporations which has experienced a huge time modification and has generated many differential systems. Under this system, diverse standards are make to fit specific manufacturing cases and it will get up developing new and innovative products (Johnson _et al_, 2008, p. 166). For JKL, it is a brilliant choice because innovation is actually a crucial factor to a pharmaceutical company.Yet, the weak point of this system is hard to implement global channel strategies because those subsidiaries are working as autonomies while Zagorski utilize to apply a centralised structure which renowned for the talent of implements seam strategies. Furthermore, JKL developed a monitoring system with performance appraisal in headquarter and USA which can significantly motivate employees in working place (Decenzo and Robbins, 1999, pp. 292-294). However, there are a fe w weaknesses of performance appraisal system. For example, a report from General electric (GE) which applied performance appraisal system and it found that those employees who received a proficient but proscribe feedback from supervisors would actually not motivated them but decrease the motivation in their work(Oberg, 2000, p. 64). On the contrast, a centralised structure has a testis bureaucracy system with a tall hierarchy and fixed official duties (Francesco and Gold 2005, pp.240-241).This structure is therefore suit for itty-bitty or middle- coatd companies at the beginning be for effective control power in strategy implementation (Jeong, 2001, p. 446). One the other hand, the economic expert (2004, p.33) found that with the increasing size of firms, a centralised structure will constantly lose the efficiency of decision making process through the conf employ bureaucracy system and the employees will get used to receive orders from supervisors instead of expressing their own idea. In addition, there is no performance related rewards in Zagorski because a tall hierarchy management system proposed to make a uniform management system by formalised, vertical and fair control so that regulations are designed to fit every employee as a same unit (Czinkota, Ronkainen and Moffett, 1999, p.712).NATIONAL CULTURE DIFFERENCESJKL used to transplant their management system to its subsidiary in USA and it successful worked. This is the main reason that Jim Flinn, the former manager in US affiliate wants to transplant the system to Russia again.Before making the final decision, it is unavoidable to analyse the reasons of this success in USA. As main economics in Europe and North America, there are many similarities in the national culture of UK and USA. According to Harris, Moran and Moran (2004, pp.297-298, pp. 437-440), free enterprise, culture affinity, English speaking, private, erect manners, aggressive and self-realisation are the commons key newsworthin esss of American and British. Moreover, in Hofstedes national culture model (Appendix C), the national culture of USA and UK are almost the same and in uncertainty avoidance column, USA is slightly higher(prenominal) than UK.However, Russia is totally a different country in East Europe. First, employees in Russia are regarded as a kind of constitute rather than a resource ( organizational Dynamics, 1999, p.75). gage, beside the language usage, all management decisions are made by supervisors in business context.Furthermore, Russian basically have a torpid time sense and they intend to work collectively (Harris, Moran and Moran, 2004, pp.497-500). In Hofstedes national culture demonstration (Appendix D), Russia has a higher power distances, lower individualism, higher uncertainty avoidance and no long term orientation compared to UK and USA. From a report, Russian firms used to apply a reactor business strategy in order to cumulate immediate need instead of long term benefits but most of those companies are in the end failed (Milles and Snow, 1978, p. 353).RELEVANT CASESAfter culture analysis, it is showed that there is a huge difference in national culture between Russia and UK. Hence, it is not sure that Jim Flinn will still succeed again in his transfer programme.Look back at history, in 1990s, Japanisation once became a popular word in UK and Toyota constituted its manufacturing plant in Derby in 1992 because there was an existing skilled engineering workforce there (The autarkical, 1992, p.23). During the early 1990s only about 55000 people were employed by Nipponese companies in the UK (The diary, 1999). Japanisation is a Japanese managerial system with Cost-centred Just in Time System, long term contracts, vertical integrating to supplier and low labour employee turnover rate (Hasegawa, 2001, pp.165-166).However, once Japanese manager attempted to entirely implement this system into British subsidiaries, it was not worked effectively with Bri tish employees and many Japanese companies like Nissan finally failed in UK market because Japanese manufacturing method did not fit British economic and culture conditions with collective working method (Procter and Ackroyd, 1998, p. 241, pp.244-245). In Hofstedes national culture model (Appendix E), Japan is a collective, success lie and long term oriented country with high uncertainty avoidance which is almost an opposite of UK.It is recommended to apply a centralised managerial structure in Russia because many most Russian companies applied a traditional production-oriented culture with steady factory patriotism just like atypical Soviet traditions (Clarke, 2004, p. 418). In 2003, IKEA opened its first store in Russia and many Swedish worked in IKEA Russia as expatriates. After repatriation, their feedbacks are high power distance in the working place accompanied with rigid centralised management structures (Jonsson, 2008, p.34).Despite the nation culture of Russia possess a high power distance, there are some autonomous states in Russia which has rich unexplored natural resources such as Komi and Sakhalin actually have a more decentralised culture and many Dutch petroleum and pharmaceutical companies had established their affiliates with decentralised management structures in those regions (Condon, and Dauman, 1993, p.31). estimateAccording to the case study, Jim Flinn intends to use a top-down change approach to transplant the managerial structure which may be imposed in a controlling manner (Balogun and Hailey, 2004, p.27). Once Jim Flinn has completely applied the management system that used in the headquarter and USA, the employees in Russian subsidiaries have to grapple with a huge culture difference from West Europe. Jim Flinn may draw precaution on the success of Dutch pharmaceutical companies in Russia as mentioned before. Thus, in a short term, transition will be a main issue in Russian subsidiary and it probably will take a long time in t his process. However, in a long term perspective, the management structure of JKLs headquarter may bring a range of benefits because a decentralised management system is exactly helpful in research and development department although the Russian employees are used to reluctant in changes (Case Study). remnantThe main problem of JKLs Russian affiliate is culture adjustment if Jim Flinn transplants the whole management structure from JKL to Zagorski. In fact, national culture will strongly influence the organisational culture as well as managerial framework of a company. ever-changing management system in asubsidiary is not a flag-planting work because of various national cultures involved. In the first part of essay, some expatriates actually have problems on their international assignments in India and Greece. Hence, it can be estimated that, after the transplantation, many local employees working in Russia subsidiaries may have the same problems. Furthermore, many previous cases t o a higher place are provided which could be used as a reference to Jim Flinn as well.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSThis essay examined the problems in managing expatriates in JKL and evaluated the proposal from Jim Flinn who will transplant a British managerial system to a Russian subsidiary. Through these analyses, it is concluded that national culture will influence both expatriates and organisational cultures. It is essential for multinational corporations to have a good command of human resource management because of the large proportion budget of expatriates and efficiency of implementing business strategies. 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